کاملترین اطلاعات در زمینه Cardiac Electrophysiology پاورپوینت الکتروفیزیولوژی قلبی به زبان انگلیسی به همراه جدول داده ها و عکس های فراوان زبان انگلیسی و حرفه ای مناسب ارائه کلاسی در دانشگاه

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PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE Tee Our type oP cardiac wuscle Biber d- trial wuscle نل ل ل ل نان لل لان

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CARDIAC MUSCLE AS SYNCYTIUM INTERCALATED DISC Ht Fok of Nic Poy. 120 fbn یم مسسس .00 ‎iM 2011 by Smnsers on erp‏ ‎Figure 9-2 °Sy Poe interconnecting nature of cardiac muscle bers.‏ ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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۱ ACTION POTENTIAL IN CARDIAC MUSCLE +25 Transmembrane polenta, 1 0 ‏ه‎ ‎0 ۳ ل وج ‎a +‏ + م مج م +ع ‎tte‏ که ‎New Sas see Mes bee‏ سک اه ‎effi‏ که ‎we‏ ‎ ‎Phases of cellular action potentials and major associ‏ 0 یی ‎ated currents In ventricular myocytes. The initial phase (0) spike and‏ ‎overshoot (1) are caused by a rapid inward sodium (Na+) current, the‏ ‎Plateau phase C2) by a slow calcium (cas) current through b-typ=‏ ‎Ca channels. and repolarization (phase 3) by outward potassium: GS")‏ ‎currents. Phase 4, the resting potential (Na* efflux, K> Intux), is main—‏ ‎tained by Na*-K‘-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The Na+-Ca?~‏ ‎exchanger is mainiy responsible for extrusion of Cal. In specialized‏ ‎conduction system tissue. spontaneous depolarization takes place dur‏ ‎ing phase 4 until the voltage resuluing im opening of the Mia channel! is‏ ‎reached. (From LeWinter MIM, Osol G: Normal physiology of the cardio‏ ‎vascular system. In Fuster V, Alexander RW, O'Rourke RA, editors: Hurst's‏ ‎the heart. ed 10. New York, 2001. McGraw-Hill, pp 63-942‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎

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Phase 0 (rapid depolarization) External stimulus to excitable tissue opens the voltage gated sodium ion channels sodium ions enter the cells down their electrochemical gradient intracellular movement of sodium ion depolarizes the membrane increases the membrane conductance to sodium ion displaces the membrane potential to +30mV ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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Phase 1 (early repolarization) Following phase 0, the membrane repolarizes rapidly and transiently to almost 0 mV because of the inactivation of sodium ion channel and simultaneous transient increases in outward potassium currents Phase 2 (plateau) Membrane potential remains approximately 0 mV for a relatively prolonged duration A balance between slow inward Ca2+ and outward K+ currents mediates the plateau phase of the.. ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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Phase 3 (repolarization) Inactivation of Ca2+ channels and a simultaneous increase in outward K+ current through K+ channels produces a net outward movement of positive charge and repolarization of the membrane Phase 4 (resting membrane potential) The membrane potential of ventricular myocytes remains at the resting membrane potential until the cell is stimulated again ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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The types of action potential in the heart can be separated into two categories: (1) fast-response action potentials, which are found in the His-Purkinje system and atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes (2) slow- response action potentials, which are found in the pacemaker cells in the SA and AV nodes ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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SINOATRIAL NODE FIBER VENTRICULAR MUSCLE FIBER

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Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of tha ern > A-V node A-V bundle ۱ Left Internodal 5 ِ “ bundle pathways. / / branch Right bundle fppticom ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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A. SA NODE The sinus node/ sinoatrial node is located in the superior posterolateral wall of the right atrium immediately below and lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava The sinus nodal fibers connect directly with the atrial muscle fibers so that any action potential that begins in the sinus node spreads immediately into the atrial mieccle wall ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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‎B. INTERNODAL PATHWAYS‏ و ‎Anterior (Bachmann)‏ ‎Middle(Wenckebach)‏ سس ‎Posterior(Thorel) internodal pathways ‎C. AV NODE ‎The A-V node is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium immediately behind the tricuspid ‎valve ‎

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D.PURKINJE FIBERS Velocity of conduction is 1 to 4m/sec The ends of the Purkinje fibers penetrate about one third of the way into the muscle mass and finally become continuous with the cardiac muscle fibers Once the impulse reaches the ends of the Purkinje fibers, it is transmitted through the ventricular muscle mass by ۶ ee, ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با

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fppticom TRANSMISSION OF CARDIAC IMPULSE THROUGH THE HEART - - 5 ” ‏كت‎ ‎. ‎۰ ‎=) ‎- J > 5 ۶ ] =) = =)

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CONDUCTION SPEEDS IN CARDIAC TISSUES 0.05m/sec 1m/sec 0.05m/sec Im/sec 4m/sec 1m/sec SA Node Atrial pathways AV Node Bundle of his Purkinje fibers Ventricular muscle ل با دا ۵ دا دا دا ۵ با نا نا با BSE SER SR OR RRO

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