Chapter-II Succeeding as a Systems Analysts

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Chkapter- Guceeday ow ۰ OGpstews 

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Contents ® Discuss the analytical skills ® Describe the technical skills © Discuss the management skills ® Identify the interpersonal skills 

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Relationship between system analyst’s skills and SDLC phases eterpersowd shils عم ماود له لته ‎Crved‏ * عم مار امن ملل ۳۳ + كلاد اسب ۶ اس * اه م۳ عم مب * حاا سای © عددام م1 * و سوه( ۰ 

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Analytical skills for System analysts © 005 wil Poe vo pur sets oF occ ‏اناد‎ Mey oe: ادا مووره) - لایس م6 - عع الس ةم لج سرجه ‎robles‏ — 

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Analytical skills for System analysts: 1 System thinking ® Systems and its characteristics ~ System is an interrelated set of components, with identifiable boundary, working together for some purpose ® Asystem has nine characteristics: ~ Components-. -Subsystems ~ Interrelated components - A boundary - A purpose ~ An environment ~ Interfaces ~ Input ~ Output ~ Constraints 

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Interface Environment Components ee en Se eh ek Se ‏ی‎ ee eS Interrelationship 

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System characteristics © Coxstrutct ۰ 6 ‏مرو و مرن نت با‎ von woowpisk © ‏نج‎ ‎۰ ‏ورص!()‎ vu systew tokes Prow ‏اوه عا‎ ١ order to PuPil ts purpose © Ouput ° Okntever u systew retucss Prow tts eowiroaved it order to PuPil ts purpose 

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food restaurant as a system: Exar ironments: customers, food distribution, banks, e Output Prepar ‘ood Trash Etc. Storage Office Kitchens Contour ‏ف‎ —“nterrelationship 

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Open and Closed systems e Ope systew ° © spstew tt tterocts Pree ‏را میا لا‎ fobteg topul od ‏اناويح دماص‎ © Closed sustew ۰ @ systew trot ts put DPR Pro ts euviroovedt und wes wt tert wik ft 

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Logical and Physical system description ® Logical system description * Description of a system that focuses on the system function and purpose without regard to how the system will physically implemented ® Physical system description ° Description of a system that focuses on the how the system will be materially constructed 

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Kitchen Inventory file lanagement reportRestaurant manger Kitchen order| aily inventory ProduceDepletion amounts Customer order ormatted. Goods 010 هه Goods sold file 4.0 > lanagemen Daily goods sold amount_Teport flow diagram for fast food restaurant IS 

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Organizational skills © @adpst shoud umderstand ‏تمه توا‎ work ۰ Poles * ‏,عط صاصو ادبو‎ ubbrevidioes, ‏وه لو‎ ° Chortlosy tere sirdesy oad phe * Rob oF teckel * Dhe Postiows ud procedures oP ‏هلجم و‎ pou we worktay Por — Wow te deported pperdes, * te purpose, ° te rekiccehip wik vier deportoest ° te rehticoshiy wih metowers un suppliers — Oko te experts are to dP erect subject aes 

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Problem Identification skills 9 (Cound 999( ۵ ts te sitvaicg wad desired (vuipu) situaiod. ~ The process of identifying problems is the process of defining differences, so problem solving is the process of finding a way to reduce differences. - Analyst should able to compare the current in an organization to the desired situation. 

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Problem analyzing and solving Skills 

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Important system concepts © Deere oe severd vier spstew poweps wits Wwhick systews undpsts werd to bevowe ‏:ع اا‎ * Oevowpostivn * Ooddorty ۰ ‏موی‎ ‎* Cokesioa 

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Decomposition ® Definition: The process of breaking down a system into smaller component ~ The purpose of decomposition is to allow the system analysts to: * Break a system into small, manageable subsystem * Focus on one are at a time - Concentrate one component pertinent to one group of users ~ Build different components at independent times 

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Modularity and Coupling ® Modularity ~ Dividing a system up into chunks or modules of a relatively uniform size. To Simplify the redesign and rebuild process ® Coupling ~ The extend to which subsystems depend on each other. ~ Subsystem should be independent as possible. If one subsystem fails and other subsystem are highly dependent on it, then the other will either fail themselves or have problems functioning 

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Cohesion © © whee fs he exten to whick u subspstew perPorxws « state Pucriioc. 

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Technical Skills (1) © Maw wrerts OP pow job ws a spstew unt we ‏وی‎ vriected. © Dhe Polowieg octuites will kelp you stay up-to-date: — Rec trade publcaioas — ote proPessicad sovietes ~ Otead classes or teuck ‏ای لوا هه‎ — teed wou courses pr trusty sessioes oPPered by ‏تا سر‎ - ‏رون ولمم م9‎ 920 vr trade - ‏موه ۲ و۳‎ buletia, sew yous 

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Technical Skills (2) © You shoud be Pawitor we possible wik ‏«طاددس و(‎ teckxwhw: 

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Management Skills © Cpstew uns we dwost dws wewbers oP Prviect tewss wed are Prequediy ushed ty feud feu. © Qeanewed shis we very webu Por copocr td fexdership role. © Were oF Pow chess oP woonewed shils: — 0- ‏موه‎ ‎- 6- Prvect - 6- ) — @- Okage worrewedt 

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1- Resource management © ‏:طیلب‎ ‎~ Predicting resources usage (budgeting) ~ Tracking and accounting for resources consumption - Learning how to use resources effectively ~ Securing resources from abusive use ~ Evaluating the quality of resources used 

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Interpersonal skills ® Communication skills ® Interviewing, Listening, and questionnaires © Written and oral presentations ~ Meeting agenda ~ Meeting minutes ~ Interview summaries ~ Requests for proposal from contractors and vendors ® Working alone and with a team ® Facilitating groups ® Managing exceptions 

Chapter-II Succeeding as a Systems Analysts Contents Discuss the analytical skills Describe the technical skills Discuss the management skills Identify the interpersonal skills Relationship between system analyst’s skills and SDLC phases Interpersonal skills • Project identification and selections phase • Project initiation and planning phase Analytical skills • Analysis phase Management skills • Design phase Technical skills • Implementation phase • Maintenance phase Analytical skills for System analysts We will focus on four sets of analytical skills. They are: – System thinking – Organizational knowledge – Problem identification – Problem analyzing and solving Analytical skills for System analysts: 1. System thinking  Systems and its characteristics – System is an interrelated set of components, with identifiable boundary, working together for some purpose  A system has nine characteristics: – – – – – – – – – Components----------------------Subsystems Interrelated components A boundary A purpose An environment Interfaces Input Output Constraints Interface Environment Components Input Output Boundary Interrelationship System characteristics A component • an irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make up a system, also called a subsystem Interrelated components • Dependence of one subsystem on one or more subsystems Boundary • The line that marks the inside and outside of a system and that sets off the system form its environment System characteristics Purpose • The overall goal or function of a system Environment • Everything external to a system that interacts with the system Interface • Point of contact where a system meets its environment or where subsystems meet each other. System characteristics Constraint • A limit to what a system can accomplish Input • Whatever a system takes from its environment in order to fulfill its purpose Output • Whatever a system returns from its environment in order to fulfill its purpose A fast food restaurant as a system: Exam Environments: customers, food distribution, banks, et StorageOffice Inputs: Food ,labor, cash, etc. Boundary Kitchens Contour Dining Room Output s: Prepar ed food Trash Etc. interrelationship Open and Closed systems Open system • A system that interacts freely with its environment, taking input and returning output Closed system • A system that is cut off from its environment and does not interact with it Logical and Physical system description Logical system description • Description of a system that focuses on the system function and purpose without regard to how the system will physically implemented Physical system description • Description of a system that focuses on the how the system will be materially constructed Benefiting from systems thinking • The first step in systems thinking is to be able to identify something as a system. • Identify where the boundary lies and all of the relevant inputs • Visualizing a set of things and their relationship as system allows you to translate a specify physical situation into more general. • By decomposition – The system into subsystems, we can analyze each subsystem separately and discover if one or more subsystem is at capacity. – Its enabled us to determine its problem with demand Customer order Customer Receipt 1.0 Kitchen Process Customer Food order Inventory data 2.0 Formatted Goods sold data Kitchen order Update Goods soldGoods file Sold Goods sold file 3.0 Update Inventory file Inventory file 4.0 Daily inventory ProduceDepletion amounts Management Daily goods sold amount report Management reportRestaurant manger *Data flow diagram for fast food restaurant IS Organizational skills Analyst should understand – how organizations work • • • • • Polices Terminologies, abbreviations, and acronyms Short/long term strategy and plans Role of technology The functions and procedures of the particular organization you are working for – How the department operates, • its purpose, • its relationship with other department • its relationship with customers and suppliers – Who the experts are in different subject areas Problem Identification skills (Pound 1969) Problem is the difference between an existing (current) situation and desired (output) situation. – The process of identifying problems is the process of defining differences, so problem solving is the process of finding a way to reduce differences. – Analyst should able to compare the current in an organization to the desired situation. Problem analyzing and solving Skills Important system concepts There are several other system concepts with which systems analysts need to become familiar: • • • • Decomposition Modularity Coupling Cohesion Decomposition Definition: The process of breaking down a system into smaller component – The purpose of decomposition is to allow the system analysts to: • Break a system into small, manageable subsystem • Focus on one are at a time – Concentrate one component pertinent to one group of users – Build different components at independent times Modularity and Coupling Modularity – Dividing a system up into chunks or modules of a relatively uniform size. To Simplify the redesign and rebuild process Coupling – The extend to which subsystems depend on each other. – Subsystem should be independent as possible. If one subsystem fails and other subsystem are highly dependent on it, then the other will either fail themselves or have problems functioning Cohesion A cohesion is the extent to which a subsystem performs a single function. Technical Skills (1) Many aspects of your job as a system analyst are technically oriented. The following activities will help you stay up-to-date: – – – – Read trade publications Join professional societies Attend classes or teach at a local college Attend many courses or training sessions offered by your organizations – Attend professional conferences, seminars, or trade shows – Participate in electronic bulletin, new groups Technical Skills (2)  You should be familiar as possible with information technology: – – – – – – – – – – Microcomputer, micro station, workstation, mainframe computers Programming languages Operating systems Database and file management systems Data communication standards Software for local and wide networks Web developing tools Decision support system generators Data analysis tools Data design tools Management Skills System analysts are almost always members of project teams and are frequently asked to lead team. Management skills are very useful for anyone in a leadership role. There are four class of management skills: – – – – 1- Resources 2- Project 3- Risk 4- Change management 1- Resource management Includes: – Predicting resources usage (budgeting) – Tracking and accounting for resources consumption – Learning how to use resources effectively – Securing resources from abusive use – Evaluating the quality of resources used Assignment Describe your university or college as a system. – What is the input? – What is output? – What is the boundary? – What is the components and their relationship? – The constraint – The environment Draw a diagram of this system Assignment Describe yourself in terms of your abilities at each of the following interpersonal kills: working alone verse working with a team, interviewing, listening, writing, presenting, facilitating a group, and margining expectations. Where are your strengths and weakness? Why? What can you do to capitalize on your strengths and strengths areas where you are weak? Interpersonal skills Communication skills Interviewing, Listening, and questionnaires Written and oral presentations – – – – Meeting agenda Meeting minutes Interview summaries Requests for proposal from contractors and vendors Working alone and with a team Facilitating groups Managing exceptions