صفحه 1:
Decision Support Systems:
1 An Overview
صفحه 2:
4 DSS Definitions
= Little (1970)
“model-based set of procedures for
processing data and judgments to
assist a manager in his decision
making”
Assumption: that the system is
computer-based and extends the user’s
capabilities.
= Alter (1980)
Contrasts DSS with traditional EDP
systems (Table 3.1)
صفحه 3:
‘TABLE 3.1 DSS versus EDP.
Dimension DSS EDP
Use Adive Passive
User ‘Line and staff Clerical
management,
Goal Effectiveness Mechanical
efficiency
Time ‘Present and future Past
Horizon
Objective Flexibility Consistency
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صفحه 4:
= Moore and Chang (1980)
1. Extendible systems
2. Capable of supporting ad hoc data analysis and
decision modeling
3. Oriented toward future planning
A. Used at irregular, unplanned intervals
= Bonczek et al. (1980)
A computer-based system consisting of
1. A language system -- communication between the
user and DSS components
2. A knowledge system
3. A problem-processing system--the link between
the other two components
صفحه 5:
=" Keen (1980)
DSS apply “to situations where a ‘final’
system can be developed only through
an adaptive process of learning and
evolution”
=" Central Issue in DSS
support and improvement of decision
making
صفحه 6:
TABLE 3.2 Concepts Underlying DSS Definitions.
Source DSS Defined in Terms of
Garry and Scott Morton [1971] _ Problemtype, system function upport)
Little [1970] System function, interface
Alter [1980] Usage pattem, system objectives
Moore and Chang [1960] Usage pattem, system capabilities
Bonczak, et al. [1996] System components
Keen [1980] Development process
صفحه 7:
Working Definition of DSS
= A DSS is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable
CBIS, specially developed for supporting the
solution of a non-structured management problem
for improved decision making. It utilizes data, it
provides easy user interface, and it allows for the
decision maker’s own insights
= DSS may utilize models, is built by an interactive
process (frequently by end-users), supports all the
phases of the decision making, and may include a
knowledge component
صفحه 8:
Characteristics and Capabilities of
5
. Provide support in semi-structured and unstructured situations,
includes human judgment and computerized information
. Support for various managerial levels
. Support to individuals and groups
. Support to interdependent and/or sequential decisions
. Support all phases of the decision-making process
. Support a variety of decision-making processes and styles
. Are adaptive
. Have user friendly interfaces (ease o fuse)
. Goal: improve effectiveness of decision making
10. The decision maker controls the decision-making process
11. Refinement of system
12. End-users can build simple systems
13. Utilizes models for analysis
14, Provides access to a variety of data sources, formats, and types
(knowledge)
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صفحه 9:
Characteristics and Capabilities of
4
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FIGURE 9.1. The Ideal Characteristics and Capabilities of DSS.
صفحه 10:
Major Benefits of DSS
Support the solution of complex situation
Fast response to unexpected situation
Ability to try several different strategies under
different configuration, quickly and objectively
New insight and learning
Facilitated communication
Improved management control and
performance
Cost saving
Objective decision
Improve managerial effectiveness
Improved productivity of analysts
صفحه 11:
11
ma DSS Components
1. Data Management Subsystem
2. Model Management Subsystem
3. Knowledge-based (Management)
Subsystem
4. User Interface Subsystem (Dialog
mngt)
صفحه 12:
12
DSS Components
Other
computer-based
systems
Data Model
management management
Ny Knowiedge
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Dialog
management
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Manager (user}
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صفحه 13:
The Data Management Subsystem
DSS database
Collection of interrelated data organized
corresponds to the needs and structure of an
organization
Can be used by more one person for than one
apllication
Database management system
= Database created, accessed and updated by a DBMS.
= Function : storage, retrieval, control
Data directory
= Catalog of all the data in the database
Query facility
= Elements that provide the basis for access to data
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صفحه 14:
The Data Management Subsystem
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صفحه 15:
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صفحه 16:
DSS Database Issues
Data warehouse
Data mining
Special independent DSS databases
Extraction of data from internal, external, and private
sources
Web browser data access
Web database servers
Multimedia databases
Special GSS databases (like Lotus Notes / Domino
Server)
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
= Object-oriented databases
Commercial database management systems (DBMS)
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صفحه 17:
The Model Management
tem
Model base
= Contains routine and special statistical, financial,
management science and other quantitative models
that provide the analysis capabilities in DSS
= Model base management system
= Software system with functions:
= model creation, using subroutines and other building
blocks
= Generation new routines and reports
= Model updating and changing
= Data manipulation
=" Modeling language
Model directory
= Catalog of all models in the model base
Model execution, integration, and command
processor
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صفحه 18:
18
Management
+ Strotegic, tactical, operational
‘* Statistical, financial, marketing,
management science,
accounting, engineering, etc.
‘+ Model building blocks
‘+ Modeling commands: creation
‘+ Maintenance—update
+ Database interface
* Modeling language
Dialog Knowledge
management| | management |
The Model
Data
management
صفحه 19:
4 Model Management Issues
Model level: Strategic, managerial (tactical),
and operational
=" Modeling languages
= Lack of standard MBMS activities. WHY?
" Use of AI and fuzzy logic in MBMS
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صفحه 20:
he Knowledge Based (Management)
stem
= Provides expertise in solving
complex unstructured and semi-
structured problems
= Expertise provided by an expert
system or other intelligent system
= Advanced DSS have a knowledge
based (management) component
= Leads to intelligent DSS
= Example: Data mining
صفحه 21:
The User Interface (Dialog)
tem
= Includes all communication between a
user and the MSS
=" Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
= Voice recognition and speech
synthesis possible
= To most users, the user interface is
the system 5
۲
صفحه 22:
Dialog management
Data Management || Knowledge | | Mode! Management
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صفحه 23:
The User
Different usage patterns for the
user, the manager, or the decision
maker
= Managers
" Staff specialists
= Intermediaries
1. Staff assistant
2. Expert tool user
3. Business (system) analyst
4. GSS Facilitator
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صفحه 24:
DSS Hardware
Evolved with computer hardware and
software technologies
Major Hardware Options
Mainframe
Workstation
Personal computer
Web server system
= Internet
= Intranets
= Extranets
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صفحه 25:
4 Classification of DSS
Data-oriented vs model oriented
(Alter, 1980)
= Institusional vs Ad Hoc DSS (Donovan
& Madnick, 1977)
= Degree of Nonprocedurality
(Bonczek, et al, 1980)
= Personal, Group and Organizational
Support (Hackathorn & Keen, 1981)
= Individual vs Group DSS
= Custom-made vs ready-made system
صفحه 26:
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