صفحه 1:
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صفحه 2:
Ideas That Changed
the World:
hs Greapschyols, الات 103-11
صفحه 3:
Review Questions
= WHAT is meant by the term axial age?
= WHAT WERE the main areas of axial-age
thinking in Eurasia?
=" WHAT WERE the most important religious
and philosophical ideas that developed
during the axial age?
= WHAT SIMILARITIES developed among
Chinese, Greek, and Indian science and
medicine during the axial age?
= HOW DID political pessimists differ from
optimists in their ideas about human
nature and the role of government?
= WHY WAS the axial age confined to such a
limited area of the world?
صفحه 4:
CHRONOLOGY
(All dates are approximate
Teachers and their disciples influence thinking
all across Eurasia
nism for next 1,000 years
resent-day Iran
hings about Brahman begin to
nfucianism, Daoism, and Legal
y of Plato and Aristotle to ۵
nents of Secular Medicin
in China
psophy
e (Susutra in India
in Greece, and Xunzi in China
from Jerusalem to Babylon
influential up
to ti
tality
Jesus and spread of Christia
ty over the next
two millennia
صفحه 5:
What factors contributed to the
development of the Axial Age?
= Political fragmentation: China, Greece, India
= Need for new ideas
= Economic basis: patronage, leisure,
education
= Questioning of tradition
= Main areas of development: China, India,
Greece, Southwest Asia
= Survival of existing written records in these
areas
= Population growth, intensive economic
development
صفحه 6:
Axial Age Regional Developments
Tada The Axial Age 1425 ‘The Axial Age (continued)
صفحه 7:
Greece / Early Philosophy
= Development of rationalism
= Atomists: Democritus
™ Postulation of atoms, void, perishable nature of
material world
= Parmenides: Everything is one
= Socrates: “unexamined life isn’t worth living”
= Plato: belief in moral absolutes
= Aristotle: categorization of everything
=" Breaking arguments down into syllogisms,
نكت
= Hippocrates: understanding of disease via
observation, diagnosis
= Foundation of schools of thought
= Sophists: emphasis on rhetoric, circular reasoning
= Stoicism, Skepticsm
صفحه 8:
Academy
of Athens
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صفحه 9:
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صفحه 11:
: ۳ a |
Erectheion, Athens: on the north side of
Acropolis. Site of important religious
rituals, and some of Athens most
ancient sacred relics.
صفحه 12:
Greek Philosophical Schools
149 Philosophical Schools in the Mediterranean Region,
600 ۵.02100 ۶
Philosophical Schools in the
Mediterranean Region, 600 s.c..-100 ce.
صفحه 13:
New Religious Movements
= Zoroastrianism: begins, spreads through Persian
Empire
= Dualism: Good/Evil dichotomy, Ahura Mazda vs.
Ahriman
= Judaism to Christianity
= Yahweh as basis for development of Monotheism
= Rules for life: “the Law” / Covenant
= Jesus, the Messiah and the importance of divine
love
= Christianity spreads through the Roman Empire
™ Aggressive conversion efforts
صفحه 14:
Zoroastria
ns
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eens
صفحه 15:
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صفحه 16:
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صفحه 17:
t examples known of Chri
fish is a symbol of Christianity to
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ek words that mean "Jesus
صفحه 18:
اف هس هجوت ود میمصت
Migration into Ganges region:
Combining beliefs of Aryan invaders, indigenous
inhabitants
Vedic language evolves into Sanskrit
B. Central beliefs of Hinduism based upon Vedas:
Hymns (Rig Veda is oldest, 1400 BCE)
Brahmanas (commentaries) (1000 BCE)
Upanishads (mystical speculations) (500 BCE)
C. Brahmanism evolves into Hinduism, with main concepts:
dharma: obeying religious and moral laws
moksha: spiritual release, liberation from samsara
(reincarnation)
وا كلعع0 إعممتاعة بمتسيهعزر
اا كن maya: illusion of reality; duality of
اه تست سا ات Brahman—
unchanging, infinite, transcendent reality (transpersonal)
]- ACCA LIED M ل
Brahman
life cycles of individuals: 4 stages of life from student
16 عتأاععكة
صفحه 19:
India
= Reactions to Brahmanism
= Jainism: Mahavira and the ascetic way of life
™ Nonviolence (Ahimsa) centrally importance
™ Focus on sanctity of all life
= Buddhism: Gautama Siddhartha
™Ideas are spread over trade routes, especially to
عصنی
< ۱۳۵۵
™Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, Sangha
=Four Noble Truths: truth of nature of suffering, its
origins, its cessation, and the way leading to
9
"Eightfold Path: right view, intention, speech, action,
livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration
صفحه 20:
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صفحه 21:
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صفحه 22:
صفحه 23:
China
= Confucianism: hierarchy, engagement with
society, emphasis on virtue, learning, obedience
= Junzi: gentleman of culture, integrity, education
= Daoism: focus on the “path,” disengagement
from society, emphasis on virtue, following
9
= Legalism: people inherently bad and that
unquestioning obedience essential, belief in
exemplary punishment
= Mozi and Xunzi: argued for universal love and
that progress and freedom could create human
goodness respectively
صفحه 24:
Network of Chinese ,ع۲عطوموواز۴ 400-200 8,6۴
Contucies
zane
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که
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nae ره
صفحه 25:
Daoism
صفحه 26:
Today’s Question
Does the rise of fundamentalism threaten
science?
يف
= That axial-age philosophy, religion, and science were
closely interrelated and supportive of each other
= That science and fundamentalist religion have split
decisively in the last two centuries, and that
fundamentalism of all sorts is on the rise
= That fundamentalist religion refuses to accept some
scientific findings, such as evolutionary biology, and
attempts to prevent others, such as stem cell
research.
= Is scientific progress under threat of being severel
hampered or brought to a halt by fundamentalism