Medieval Medicine
اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir
اسلاید 2: Medieval MedicineByCathy, Beau, and Rylee
اسلاید 3: HippocratesGreek physician born in 460 B.C.Founder of modern medicine and became regarded as the greatest physician of his time.Believed illness had a rational and physical explanation.First to describe disease symptoms and diagnose patients
اسلاید 4: GalenAncient Greek physicianCourt physician of Emperor Marcus AureliusProponent of bloodlettingHad such an impact on medicine that many of his theories were not reviewed until the 16th century.Liked to dissect pigs
اسلاید 5: Medical RecordsThe Saxon Leech Book of Bald was written around 950 by a nobleman named Bald. It contained the uses of over 500 herbs.Mostly, the herbs were used as amulets to ward off evil spirits, but the book did compile knowledge from Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Greco-Roman and Arab cultures.
اسلاید 6: Medical RecordsHildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)Abbess of a Benedictine conventAuthor of Hildegard’s Medicine.The book combined folk medicine and the Catholic faith.It is the only known account of “wise women” medicinal practices.
اسلاید 7: Humors“Humors” are synonymous with body fluids.Natural bodily functions were believed to release the excess humor and restore the patient to health.Treatments varied from administering laxatives and diuretics to herbs and hot baths.
اسلاید 8: HumorsIdea of humors came from Hellenistic theory popularized by HippocratesAll things in nature are composed of 4 elements: wind, water, earth, fire
اسلاید 9: Air (Blood)SanguineCourageous, AmorousHumor described as hot and wet; corresponds with spring
اسلاید 10: Earth (Black Bile)MelancholicDepressed, SleeplessHumor described as cold and dry; corresponds with autumn
اسلاید 11: Fire (Yellow Bile)CholericShort temperedHumor described as hot and dry; corresponds with summer
اسلاید 12: Water (Phlegm)PhlegmaticCalm and UnemotionalHumor is described as cold and wet; corresponds with winter
اسلاید 13: HumorsCertain diseases/symptoms/disorders were associated with an imbalance of a certain humor.Various methods were used to treat the patient to put their humors in balance once again.Bloodletting and PurgingFoods and HerbsTrepanation
اسلاید 14: HumorsSir Bob of the Faust Folk has a fever and is sweating profusely.Sir Bob is correspondingly considered hot and wet. He is therefore considered to have a blood humor imbalance.Recall that the blood humor is associated with hot and wet.Along with physically reducing the humor through bloodletting and trepanation, Sir Bob is given certain foods and herbs that are associated with cold and dry.
اسلاید 15: Common Medical PracticesBloodlettingLeechesUroscopyHerbsPotionsAmputationTrepanationExile
اسلاید 16: BloodlettingOne of the oldest medical practicesTwo key conceptsNo circulation (created/used/stagnant)Humoral balance = illness or health
اسلاید 17: BloodlettingAmount of blood removed based on age, season, weather, and placeCommon treatment for fever, hypertension, and headache Later barbers were assigned to the task of bloodletting
اسلاید 18: LeechesLeeches were used in conjunction with Galen’s Humor theory.They were believed to release the “bad blood” from the patient.Leech medicinal value has recently been revisited by reconstructive surgeons.
اسلاید 19: UroscopyExamination of blood, puss, or urineUsed sight, smell, and tasteChange in urine appearance = disease20 different colors
اسلاید 20: UroscopyObserved the quantity, clarity, deposits, and density of the urine, and frequency of urinationFlash to the future: doctors tasted urine to detect glucose. Indication in diabetes
اسلاید 21: HerbsUsed worldwidePlants and plant derivatives used to treat a wide range of ailmentsMany modern medicines derived from plantsInsulin = dahlia rootMorphine = poppy
اسلاید 22: HerbsExamples of common old remediesChives = treat chest illnessesLemon balm = coldsBasil = scorpion bites and stomach troubleCabbage = diarrhea, eye disease, kidney problemsHemlock = pain killerOregano = cramps
اسلاید 23: Flower PowerPhysicians of the Middle Ages also believed in a concept that came to be known as the Doctrine of Signatures.Doctors believed that the color of flowers correlated with their usefulness in treating diseases.Plants that had yellow flowers, such as a dandelion, were linked to yellow bile. Yellow flowering plants would often be prescribed to treat jaundice.
اسلاید 24: PotionsReserved for peasants.Risky business because of witch accusations. Overtime, they were given a Christian flavor.Usually had no medicinal value, only superstition.
اسلاید 25: AmputationDoctors had the ability to perform minor surgeries through the instruction of Galen and Islamic physicians. Realized that infection and pain were the most common cause of death, not the medical procedures.
اسلاید 26: TrepanationHoles drilled in skull to release pressure, expose brain tissue, and/ or let out demonsOne of the oldest surgical techniquesClaimed to cure seizures, migraines, and mental disorders
اسلاید 27: ExileWhen all else fails… send ‘em packin’!The diseased may have been possessed or just unsightly, hence they were forced to leave town for fear of spreading the disease to others.
اسلاید 28: Common Medieval Diseases and AilmentsLeprosyDysenteryErgotismGonorrhea (lets do the CLAP)InfluenzaMalariaMeaslesSmallpoxPuerperal fever Typhoid feverDA plague
اسلاید 29: LeprosyLeprosy was a common disease in the Middle Ages. It was thought to have been brought to Europe through the Crusades.They were forced to wear green capes or beaver skin hats so they could be recognized easily.
اسلاید 30: DartfordLeper Hospital locationKnow as the Lazar House after Lazarus, the patron saint of lepers.People with eczema, psoriasis, and smallpox were also confined segregated from the majority.Most were not contagious.
اسلاید 31: An Extra Piece of Info…Dartford Hospital was supported mostly from donations.The patrons were granted indulgences for their support.Hmmm.
اسلاید 32: DysenteryCaused by contaminated food and water (bacteria/fecal matter)Resulted in bloody, watery stool, dehydration, cramps and feverPresent mainly in urban areas and in the military Cause many infant deaths
اسلاید 33: Ergotismaka saint’s or devil’s “fire”Caused by fungal infection of grain (mainly rye)Neuropathy, burning sensation, convulsions, red blisters to black itching burning sensation then necrosisAlmost half died, living left with some symptoms
اسلاید 34: ErgotismAffected mainly countrysideChildren more vulnerable
اسلاید 35: GonorrheaBacterial sexually transmitted diseaseMale: burning sensation, fever, pus-like secretions from urethraFemale: inflammation of urethra, may lead to infection of upper urinary tractCan lead to infertility in both sexes
اسلاید 36: Influenzaaka the FLUVery contagious infection of the upper respiratory tractSymptoms include fever, achy body, chills, body weaknessUsually occurred during winter and spring
اسلاید 37: Malariaaka “the ague”Parasite spread by the mosquitoSymptoms include chills fever headacheReoccur every few daysRarely caused death
اسلاید 38: MeaslesExtremely contagious virusCold-like symptoms and swollen sensitive eyesRed rash (raised red bumps)May lead to blindnessUsually occurred in childhood
اسلاید 39: Smallpoxaka “the red plague”30% death ratePossibly responsible for some of the major plagues throughout history:Plague of Athens (430 BC)Antonine Plague of Roman Empire (Italy 165-180 AD)Plague of Cyprian in Roman Empire (251-266 AD)Plague in India (400 AD)Various Outbreaks in Europe starting 581 ADSymptoms include:High fever (101-104 F)VomitingBody AchesRash and raised pustules on tongue, mouth, throat, and body.
اسلاید 40: Peurperal feverBacterial infection of female reproductive organs after childbirthSeverity depends on the bacteria that causes the infection. Tetanus and gas gangrene are among the worst.SymptomsChillsHigh feverAbdominal painNausea
اسلاید 41: Typhoid FeverBacteria infection spread through feces10-20% Mortality RateSymptomsDiarrheaFever (105 F)Blinding HeadacheCoughExhaustionPatches of red on abdomenEven intestinal hemorrhage and coma
اسلاید 42: PLAGUEBacterial infection transmitted by flea bites.50%-70% mortality ratePandemic in Europe 1347-51 AD. Random plague outbreaks through 1430s.SymptomsNecrosis around flea bitFeverHeadacheDeleriumSwelling of lymph nodes, especially around armpit and groin (sometimes as large as oranges…very painful!)
اسلاید 43: Sourceshttp://www.learner.org/exhibits/middleages/morhealt.htmlhttp://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/medievalsurgery.htmhttp://www.medieval-life.net/diseases.htmhttp://www.strangehorizons.com/2003/20030317/medicine.shtmlhttp://www.auanet.org/museum/content/about/resources/rugendorffmedstamps.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodlettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide12/part06.htmlhttp://www.quantal.demon.co.uk/saga/ooc/herbs.htmlhttp://www.rotten.com/library/medicine/quackery/trepanation/http://www.lumrix.net/medical/surgery/trepanation.html http://www.dartfordarchive.org.uk/medieval/people_lep.shtmlhttp://www.worldofskell.com/stuff/Medicine.htmhttp://www.labelle.org/top_diseases.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_pox#Eurasia
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