(Organizational Behavior (Personality

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wy : ‏جح‎ FE 727 Gis zational Behavior. Ut 

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Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Personality * A person’s general style of interacting with the world * People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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hat is Personality? Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality Traits 5 Enduring characteristics that 2 “scribe an es “dividual’s ۱ ‏وت‎ ‎shavior. aa jholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Freud’s Structure of Personality | Consciousness | Conscious—newe 31 awareness . <Preconscious—just under awareness; easily known NCONSCIOUS—wel below awareness; Difficult to know _) _ but very influential Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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° Id — Functions on ‘pleasure principle’ — Immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension & discomfort regardless of consequences * Superego — Functions on ‘idealistic principle’ — Our moral guide/conscience — Influenced by internalizing our parents’ values & the voice of society — Works against the Id by inflicting guilt Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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How the iceberg works (cont.) * Ego — Functions on ‘reality principle’ — Serves to balance the demands the Id and the Superego — Assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the Id and/or Superego (i.e., what society will deem acceptable) — Ego uses defense mechanisms to protect itself Personality is result of the battle for control between id, CGO. & SUPCLE GO esi ori 

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0 oo Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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ur MBTI® Dichotomies Extraversion - Introversion Where do you prefer to E - I Dichotomy focus your attention - and get your energy? Sensing - Intuition How do you prefer to take in S - N Dichotomy information? Thinking - Feeling How do you make decisions? T - F Dichotomy Judging - Perceiving How do you deal with the J-P Dichotomy outer world? Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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۰ External ¢ Internal ۰ *Reflective Gregarious 2 ¢ Concentration Interaction 

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0 ¢ Sequential « Random ¢ Realistic ¢ Theoretical ¢ Present ¢ Future ¢ Fact ٠ Concept * Specific ¢ General Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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(FR * Objective ٠ Subjective Detached ¢ Involved ۰ ¢ Firm ° Minded Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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3 cP * JUDGERS * PERCEIVERS * CLOSURE * OPEN * SCHEDULED ° FLEXIBLE ¢ STRUCTURE * SPONTANEOUS ¢ DECIDED ۰ WAIT AND SEE Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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TYPE SUMMARY IST] ISFJ INF] INTJ Responsible Loyal Contemplativ Independent e ISTP ISFP INFP INTP Pragmatic Artistic Idealistic Conceptual ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP Spontaneous Generous Optimistic Inventive EST] ESFJ ENF] ENT] Hard Harmonizing Persuasive Commanding Charging Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Occupational Trends by INTJ Scientific or technical fields Computers Law INTP Scientific or technical fields ENTP Science Management Technology Arts ENT) Management Leadership 1993, Consulting Type® INF} Religion Counseling Teaching arts INFP Counseling Writing ‘Arts ENFP Counseling "Teaching Religion Arts ENF) Religion Arts Teaching ISFJ Education Health care Religious settings IsFP Health care Business Law enforcement ESFP Health care Teaching Coaching Childcare worker Skilled trades ESF] Education Health care Religion Ist) Management ‘administration Law enforcement “Accounting IsTP Skilled trades Technical fields, ‘Agriculture Law Enforcement Military ESTP Marketing Skilled trades Business Law enforcement Applied technology EST) Management ‘Administration Law enforcement Source: From Introduction to Type and Careers, A.L. Hammer, Psychologists Press 

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General Population Distribution ISIEJ}1 1377% ISTP 3.9% ENEP 8.2% 175۲۲ 0 17.0 ISHP 3.6% ESHP 3.7% ESH] 8% Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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The Big Five Personality Dimensions Extroversion: Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive Agreeableness: Trusting, good natured, cooperative, soft hearted Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent Emotional stability: Relaxed, secure, unworried Openness to experience: Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded Research finding: Conscientiousness is the best (but not WetroHy) Preaiecgr St fob" perfor hiatice. 

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Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland) Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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olland’s Theory of Personality- Job Fit 1 0 11 ale) atc} ps ‘ Mechanic, Farmer, Realistic Shy, Stable, Practical, «6, mbly-Line Worker Biologist, Economist, Investigative Analytical, Independen Mathematician Social Worker, Social Sociable, Cooperative ‏اسه لووك‎ Accountant, Manager Bank Teller Conventional Practical, Efficient Enterprising Ambitious, Energetic Lawyer, Salesperson Painter, Writer, Artistic Imaginative, Idealistic Musician Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Locus of Control * The concept was developed originally Julian Rotter in the 1950s — Absenteeism/ Turnover/ Job satisfaction/ Job performance * Research has found the following trends: — Males tend to be more internal than females -As people get older they tend to become more internal — People higher up in organizational structures tend to be more internal ~ Buchanan. 1. (4998); BROStEr, SYRGFOME, an 

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achiavellianism High Machs — Pragmatic, manipulative — Persuade others — Believe in ends can justify means, win more Do high Machs make good employees? * Type of job * Bargaining * Less rules and regulations Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Self Esteem High on SE * Expectations for success * Possess ability for success * Willing to take risks * Do not seek approval from others on their capabilities * High on Job Satisfaction Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Risk Taking * Decision making quick * Specific to jobs (stocks) (acco Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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A & B Types of Personality ۰ Type ‘A’ * Type ‘B’ — Always moving, — Never suffer walking & eating from a sense of fast time urgency — Feel impatient ~ Feel no need to — Strive to do two display/discuss or more things their at once achievements — Cannot cope unless required with leisure time ~ Play for fun — Obsessed with ‘relaxation NUMA EL; ALOW organizational peat WRG AK nan i ag wnthoiut ‏1314م‎ 

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A & B Types of Personality * Type ‘AV’ ۰ Type ‘B’ — Suffer high level — Difficult to of stress predict behavior — Quantity over — Good decision quality makers -Time — Quality of work pressure/deadlin —No compromise es on health — Rarely creative — Wiser than hasty — Poor decision — Creative / makers innovative = Behavior 4 480. Organizational BehavioS OhUbORSta 

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6 Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder) Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder) * Concern for social appropriateness — Sensitive to self-presentation of others — Used as guidelines for monitoring own self- presentation * Two components of self-monitoring — Interest in social information — Ability to control self-presentation Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Self-monitoring and attitude-behavior correlations * High self-monitors have lower attitude- behavior correlations * Their behavior is less reflective of their actual attitudes; more in line with what they think is socially appropriate Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy: “A person’s belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.” Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs: - Prior experience - Behavior models - Persuasion from others - Assessment of physical/emotional state Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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6 Narcissism * Denial * Rationalization * Self-aggrandizement * Attributional egotism * Sense of entitlement * anxiety Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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Proactive Personality * Hardy, * Proactive, * Scarlet. Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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ersonality Tests Culture Emic or Etic The Cult of Personality (Murphy Paul, 2004) Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

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e Big Five Personality Tes Extroversion: (, OR, dd, (6, Cdk, CS, 00, Agreeableness: ©®, 7, (CR, IP, SS, SPR, SE, OTR, eo Conscientiousness: 9, O@, 19, JOR, COR, SO, 99, 90, FOR Neuroticism: €, OR, df, 10, CFR, CO, OFR, OO FO, FR, Openness: S, dO, (6, GO, GS, 90, 9G, 4 er Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. 

Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Organizational Behavior: Personality Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Personality • A person’s general style of interacting with the world • People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. What is Personality? Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. Personality Personality Determinants Determinants • •Heredity Heredity • •Environment Environment • •Situation Situation Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Freud’s Structure of Personality Superego Consciousness Ego Conscious—Acute awareness Preconscious—Just under awareness; easily known Id Unconscious—Well below awareness; Difficult to know but very influential Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. How the iceberg works • Id – Functions on ‘pleasure principle’ – Immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension & discomfort regardless of consequences • Superego – Functions on ‘idealistic principle’ – Our moral guide/conscience – Influenced by internalizing our parents’ values & the voice of society – Works against the Id by inflicting guilt Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. How the iceberg works (cont.) • Ego – Functions on ‘reality principle’ – Serves to balance the demands the Id and the Superego – Assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the Id and/or Superego (i.e., what society will deem acceptable) – Ego uses defense mechanisms to protect itself • Personality is result of the battle for control between id, ego & superego Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. MBTI Type of Social Interaction Extrovert (E) Preference for Gathering Data Sensing (S) Preference for Decision Making Feeling (F) Style of Decision Making Introvert (I) Intuitive (N) Thinking (T) Perceptive (P) Judgmental (J) Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Four MBTI Dichotomies Extraversion – Introversion E - I Dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention – and get your energy? Sensing – Intuition S - N Dichotomy How do you prefer to take in information? Thinking – Feeling T - F Dichotomy How do you make decisions? Judging – Perceiving J - P Dichotomy How do you deal with the outer world? Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. E I • External • Internal • Gregarious • Interaction • Reflective • Concentration Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. S N • Sequential • Random • Realistic • Theoretical • Present • Future • Fact • Concept • Specific • General Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. T F • Objective • Subjective • Detached • Involved • Laws • Circumstances • Firm Minded • Fair Hearted Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. J P • JUDGERS • PERCEIVERS • CLOSURE • OPEN • SCHEDULED • FLEXIBLE • STRUCTURE • SPONTANEOUS • DECIDED • WAIT AND SEE Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. P AIM… AIM… READY AIM… Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. P READYFIRE… AIM… J Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. J TYPE SUMMARY ISTJ Responsible ISTP Pragmatic ESTP Spontaneous ESTJ Hard Charging ISFJ Loyal ISFP Artistic ESFP INFJ Contemplativ Independent e INFP Idealistic ENFP Generous Optimistic ESFJ ENFJ Harmonizing INTJ Persuasive INTP Conceptual ENTP Inventive ENTJ Commanding Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Occupational Trends by Type ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ Management Administration Law enforcement Accounting Education Health care Religious settings Religion Counseling Teaching Arts Scientific or technical fields Computers Law ISTP ISFP INFP INTP Skilled trades Technical fields Agriculture Law Enforcement Military Health care Business Law enforcement Counseling Writing Arts Scientific or technical fields ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP Marketing Skilled trades Business Law enforcement Applied technology Health care Teaching Coaching Childcare worker Skilled trades Counseling Teaching Religion Arts Science Management Technology Arts ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ Management Administration Law enforcement Education Health care Religion Religion Arts Teaching Management Leadership Source: From Introduction to Type and Careers, A.L. Hammer, 1993, Psychologists Press Consulting General Population Distribution • • • • • • • • INFJ ISTJ ISTP INFP ESTP ENFP ESTJ ENFJ ISFJ INTJ ISFP INTP ESFP ENTP ESFJ ENTJ 3.7% 11.7% 3.9% 5.7% 5.1% 8.2% 11.4% 4.8% 7.9% 5.2% 3.9% 4.6% 4.7% 5.1% 8% 6% Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. The Big Five Personality Dimensions Extroversion: Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive Agreeableness: Trusting, good natured, cooperative, soft hearted Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent Emotional stability: Relaxed, secure, unworried Openness to experience: Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded Research finding: Conscientiousness is the best Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. (but not a strong) predictor of job performance. Achieving Person-Job Fit Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland) Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. Personality PersonalityTypes Types ••Realistic Realistic ••Investigative Investigative ••Social Social ••Conventional Conventional ••Enterprising Enterprising ••Artistic Artistic Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Holland’s Theory of PersonalityJob Fit Type Realistic Investigative Personality Occupations Mechanic, Farmer, Shy, Stable, Practical Assembly-Line Worker Biologist, Economist, Analytical, Independent Mathematician Social Sociable, Cooperative Conventional Practical, Efficient Enterprising Artistic Social Worker, Teacher, Counselor Accountant, Manager Bank Teller Ambitious, Energetic Lawyer, Salesperson Imaginative, Idealistic Painter, Writer, Musician Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Locus of Control • The concept was developed originally Julian Rotter in the 1950s – Absenteeism/ Turnover/ Job satisfaction/ Job performance • Research has found the following trends: – Males tend to be more internal than females – As people get older they tend to become more internal – People higher up in organizational structures tend to be more internal – Buchanan L. (2006): Imposter Syndrome Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Machiavellianism High Machs – Pragmatic, manipulative – Persuade others – Believe in ends can justify means, win more  Do high Machs make good employees?  Type of job  Bargaining  Less rules and regulations Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Self Esteem High on SE • Expectations for success • Possess ability for success • Willing to take risks • Do not seek approval from others on their capabilities • High on Job Satisfaction Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Risk Taking • Decision making quick • Specific to jobs (stocks) (accounts) Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. A & B Types of Personality • Type ‘A’ • Type ‘B’ – Always moving, – Never suffer walking & eating from a sense of fast time urgency – Feel impatient – Feel no need to display/discuss – Strive to do two their or more things achievements at once unless required – Cannot cope – Play for fun with leisure time /relaxation – Obsessed with – Can relax number; how Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. A & B Types of Personality • Type ‘A’ • Type ‘B’ – Difficult to – Suffer high level predict behavior of stress – Good decision – Quantity over makers quality – Quality of work – Time – No compromise pressure/deadlin es on health – Rarely creative – Wiser than hasty – Poor decision – Creative / makers innovative – Behavior Gholipour A. 2010. University of Tehran. to is Organizational Behavior.solutions Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder) Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder) • Concern for social appropriateness – Sensitive to self-presentation of others – Used as guidelines for monitoring own selfpresentation • Two components of self-monitoring – Interest in social information – Ability to control self-presentation Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Self-monitoring and attitude-behavior correlations • High self-monitors have lower attitudebehavior correlations • Their behavior is less reflective of their actual attitudes; more in line with what they think is socially appropriate Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy: “A person’s belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.” Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs: - Prior experience Behavior models Persuasion from others Assessment of physical/emotional state Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Narcissism • • • • • • Denial Rationalization Self-aggrandizement Attributional egotism Sense of entitlement anxiety Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Proactive Personality • Hardy, • Proactive, • Scarlet. Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Personality Tests Culture Emic or Etic The Cult of Personality (Murphy Paul, 2004) Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. The Big Five Personality Tes • Extroversion: 1, 6R, 11, 16, 21R, 26, 31R, 36 • Agreeableness: 2R, 7, 12R, 17, 22, 27R, 32, 37R, 42 • Conscientiousness: 3, 8R, 13, 18R, 23R, 28, 33, 38, 43R • Neuroticism: 4, 9R, 14, 19, 24R, 29, 34R, 39 • Openness: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35R, 40, 41R, 44 Gholipour A. 2010. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.