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en KC)
ای
9
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FIGURE 2-11
T-v diagram for
the heating T°C
process of water
at constant
pressure.
300
Saturated
100
mixture
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6
Critical point
374.14)
١ Saturated
Saturated vapor
liquid
0.003155 ani
FIGURE 2-16
T-v diagram of
constant-
pressure
phase-change
processes of a
pure
substance at
various
pressures
(numerical
values are for
water).
2-2
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‘display.
Critical 5
point ار 7
ی
ور
4 رخني
we £
COMPRESSED ف 0
LIQUID Se
REGION / SUPERHEATED
VAPOR
7 REGION
SATURATED 2
LIQUID-VAPOR 3
REGION
ey
FIGURE 2-18
T-v diagram of
a pure
substance.
2-3
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FIGURE 2-
19 iB
P-v diagram 9
of a pure \ cecal
substance. 1 5
۱
\
\
۱ SUPERHEATED
۱ VAPOR
۱
COMPRESSED|
LIQUID 3
REGION ۲
SATURATE
LIQUID-VAPOR
REGION
2-4
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FIGURE 2-21 display.
۲-۷
ofa 2
substance
that
contracts on
freezing.
Critical
point
VAPOR
SOLID
SOLID + LIQUID
LIQUID + VAPOR
‘Triple line
SOLID + VAPOR
2-5
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FIGURgygight © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.
Critical
point
VAPOR
LIQUID + VAPOR
‘Triple line
SOLID + VAPOR
SOLID
22
P-v
diagram of
a
substance
that
expands
on
freezing
(such as
water).
2-6
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FIGURE 2- م
25 Substances Substances
P-T diagram , that expand that contract
of pure سب on freezing
۱ we
substances.
Critical
point
“Triple point
VAPOR
2-7
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FIGURE 2-26
P-v-T surface of a
substance that
contracts on
freezing.
2
Z
3
2
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displav.
FIGURE 2-27
P-v-T surface of a
substance that
expands on
freezing (like
water).
Pressure
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Specific volume
3
Sat. He
Temp. press | Sat. Sat.
2 kPa liquid vapor
1 Pay 7 ول
85 57.83 0.001 033 8
90 70.14 ۱0.001 036 1
95 84.55 1 2
Specific Specific
temperature volume of
saturated
liquid
Corresponding Specific
saturation volume of
pressure saturated
vapor
FIGURE 2-
30
A partial
list of
Table A-4.
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4, 1 h,
m/kg ki/kg ۶۵
P =0.1 MPa (99.63°C)
1.6940 2506.1 2675.5
1.6958 2506.7 2
1.9364 2582.8 2776.4
7.260 4683.5 5
P = 0.5 MPa (151.86°C)
0.3749 2561.2 2748.7
0.4249 2642.9 2855.4
0.4744 2723.5 2960.7
Bee.
Sat.
100
150
1300
Sat.
200
250
FIGURE 2-40
A partial
listing of
Table A-6.
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ne
FIGURE 2-49 ‘ook تو ا مزهو ۳ ap 5
Percentage of error
involved in
assuming steam to
be an ideal gas,
and the region
where steam can
be 400
treated as an ideal
gas with less than
1 percent error.
200)
10
212 ۲
mig
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FIGURE 2-51
Comparison
of Zfactors "'
for various ‘a a
gases.
اده
۱ |
اه
a ag
oa Legend
% Mothane و
مسد ع Eihylene © 03
Nitrogen 4 مناد
© Propane © Carbon dioxide
مين * م5 ۳
Average curve based on data on
سم د
on 0
ا كك م 15 16 55 06
2-3
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FIGURE 2-60
Percentage [ov Van be West op)
of error “ ons Bouse No Re som)
involved in
various one
equations of 58
state for
nitrogen. an
$
ول hax é
ار Sat han &
سد / 05 Ban
1
ie ite
2-14
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5 displav.
FIGURE 2-68 5 78
Ideal-gas ar
constant- 60
pressure
specific heats
for some gases
(see Table A-2c 50
for C,,
equations).
20
1000 2000 3000
2-15 ‘Temperature, K