صفحه 1:
Surface eine of Mars: Past
Ss ans ian Meteorites
¢ Martian Moons
¢ Martian Surface Exploration
The Viking Landers (early 80s)
Pathfinder (1997)
Current Surface Explorers (three en route!)
Future of Martian Exploration (“astrobiology”)
٠ Review of Mars
3 rene) Cc - 0. 0 دنا 0
صفحه 2:
Martian
eorites
Martian data
without going
there!
What are these Unusual rocks found in Antarctica
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ا الف لا Cermes BU ECTeSM Creclici esr <cras OSs LOIN err (cece)
Earth? 6ع ناك سمتاعة]1 مط غه مهم
How do we know these meteorites are
fron€harisAl composition does not match usual meteorite
Only 1.3 billion yrs old (most asteroid-type meteorites
MUCH older); Higher content of volatile substances
Why aren’t they orange - the color of
2
۱ On خخ
صفحه 3:
۱
Crust/core developed early in Solar System
Volcanism until < 1 Billion Years ago
- Chemical composition
Different than normal asteroid (meteorite)
Interaction with water
Martian atmosphere composition
که که ایهم طمنطه: - عحه4ا هم) متوزمه ۵۶ ممت‌گلا الما توفطا 10۸۲۳۲ نعط۲۱۷
0
- Need to actually RETURN ROCKS from Mars!
Case Study: Martian Rock
و"
too eat i) ی
bcted ~16 Million yr ago
ded ~13,000 yr ago
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صفحه 4:
Controversial - microbial presence in meteorites??
biology: exciting field of research - study of origin of life in the solar system,u
- LIFE IS UBIQUITOUS in the universe - we just haven't found it
Pee RCP RS DUONm nae citi e UCR u Cem cone
صفحه 5:
1۷۲۸۲ صهنا
¥ Two Nelo) estes
_ Phobos
¥ Small (~20km)
irregularly shaped
¥ Orbit Mars in 8hr, 30hr
Sas anol ya ل نكا
asteroids
fori ertetroree roel
eemookhobos (20 km.& Qbo-0.0. to. Eros 3
km) (33 km x 13 km)
صفحه 6:
Risks of Solar System Missions
ane CONS for Space Missions
PROS for Space Missions
تمه که خصمصوننوه اعماق امد جع +
۱
that are possible ۲ ۱ ور و ccm they
+ Much much more costly! (although
Y Access to wavelengths that صقطا لعمصممم عه؟ بو1أدمء عتمم
are unavailable on the ۱۳۰
ground
متعمده تزللمناهنا فا فهستاه‌گنا ٩
Y Atmospheric effects gone -
get clearer views than on
اا
غلتعةقتة ممه طعناحم دمفهجومل] +
کر الس ا 0
Development of ¥
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صفحه 7:
Viking Landers 1 and 2
5 .م56 صذ لعطعصتته1 2 وصغلت! ,1975 06 ۱
* Vikings arrived at Mars in June, August of 1976
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Dag OUCE LU aaa ae On ual ۳
terete ۱ )@ ل ل ل ل ل اا
صفحه 8:
Viking Lander Images of Mars’
۶ 5
+ landing site chosen from Orbiter images - two different regions in
Northern Lowlands
* revealed that the surface of Mars was littered with jagged rocks and
fine dust everywhere
* rocks were probably result of crater-forming impact (“ejecta”)
©reeksresemble lava-rock$nEarti-Tave flows broken up by impatts
صفحه 9:
Viking Landers: Search for Life
on Mars
* Science Instruments:
- chem lab to explore
reactions of Mars rock with
water (none detected)
- للا حصح 0000و
found that the soil was
IRON-rich
* confined to study only one
part of Martian surface - its
landing site
* inspired NASA to propose
for
missions with MOVING
surface
0 0 - مرهج ۵9و سوه 6
صفحه 10:
Mars has a very thin atmosphere and no
magnetosphere.
If humans populated the Martian surface, what
environmental
pam MIAN ات ل
(1) Global Warming
(2) Solar flare particles and ultraviolet
radiation
(3) Nitrogen poisoning
(4) Lead contamination from volcanoes
(5) Magnetic anomalies in the interior
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صفحه 11:
ars Pathfinder Mission - landed on Mars 4 July 19¢
ae a
landed 500 miles from
Vikings - flood plain area
olcanic rocks with silicon
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صفحه 12:
صفحه 13:
۱۰۱۱ و eee
ROVERS
Opportunity & Spirit (or MER A and
¢ Launched in
June and July of
2003
* arrival at Mars
- January 2004
* Each Rover
weighs 180 kg, is |
~5 ft high
* surface
exploration:
travels 100m per
بصنا .0 .0 - ممحرقا سادق د 06
صفحه 14:
EDL Process
% —— - Entry Tum & HRS Freon Veniing:E- 15:00
1. Cruiso Stago Separaton:E-025:00
* ومع £08, 125km 5.7kms, y=-11 Seq
وت - Prakhoaing/Decoleraton: <59 Wiend, <8 9
+ Parachute Deployment:E+ 295 6 11.8 km 430 m/s
5 + Heatshield Separaton:E+ 915s
ع + Lander Separation: £4 9258
+ Bridle Deployed:E+ 9953
+ Radar Ground Acquisition: L- 18»
۶ + Airbag inflation: 955m Landing 1 ۰
+ RocketFiring: L- 7s, -150m, 00 ms
+ Bridle Gut-L-3s, 20m
sLanding:-E+ 420.8
اس
Rollto a Stop: Base Petal Down, Landing + 2 min +
Latch Firing:Landing + 20 min انا ۱۳ 3
74min + 90 وک نی >
“alo aga Opened
eae ace
XY Bete el صو ند
EDL Done @ 1450LST
Earth Set @ 1520LST
Mars Rover
Entry
Sequence
صفحه 15:
00 Rae ا ا ا ا Metts cts
صفحه 16:
Choosing a site to land on Mars
not just land anywhere - need to consider the safety of the
- previous missions have landed in the northern lowlands
corer یات Gok Gystew - 0. C. bag, a
صفحه 17:
Mars Landing Considerations
اموت ل
altitude (impossible climbs, falls) -
slopes (use too much energy) -
rockiness (protect airbags) -
* solar panel heating - keep rover operab!
y ك2
solar panels clear -
RAT tool works more in thick dust -
6 ۵9و سوه 0 ae
صفحه 18:
Science Objectives of the MER mission
Characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water ¢
.e. try to identify carbonates (indicate water-volcano cycles)
’ Distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils near sites
* Determine geologic processes have shaped
the local terrain
* Perform "ground truth"
calibration and validation -
of surface observations made
کا معط تمانطاده عبع توط
مرن سوه رت
صفحه 19:
تسمعصدط
IR Spectrometer
X-ray Spectrometer
صفحه 20:
Landing Sites on Mars: 1. Gusev Crater -
morphological
- 15 degrees South of Mars’ equator
- large crater feature نتب این 5 oes leading into
ne
217
هه 2 مسا 1ك
صفحه 21:
Landing Sites on Mars: 2. Meridiani Planum -
mineralogical
- 2 degrees South of Mars’ equator
- other side of planet from Landing Site 1
- place where hematite has been found (rust-like mineral) -
Pan mrenc! dried lake bed
1
60 دنارق
صفحه 22:
Mars Express - European Effort
صفحه 23:
صفحه 24:
MARS EXPRESS: Radar
Experiment
Be ee eraced eters t ntl ی
of water is very different
from rock
* Echoes can
differentiate between
rock and ice or water ۷۵۳ اعیی
* Radar transmitter
operates at 1-2 MHz and
penetrates ground to
several km depth
* Probably cannot
distinguish between CO,
and H,0.
3 rene)
صفحه 25:
MARSIS
Surface echo
2
Water reservoir Subsurface echo
صفحه 26:
Mars Surface Exploration - the Futur
صفحه 27:
Mars Surface Exploration - the Future!
صفحه 28:
‘uture Mars Exploration: “Scout Missions”
+ lightweight/efficient ballons
* fleet of small aircraft to explore Mars
* develop new technology
* also SAMPLE RETURNS
صفحه 29:
صفحه 30:
صفحه 31:
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