صفحه 1:
صفحه 2:
The Four ۳
Humours
صفحه 3:
۱
The Four Humours —
®iIn Greek, Medieval, and Renaissance, كت
thought, the traditional four elements form
the basis for a theory of medicine and later
psychological typology known as the four
humours.
°(Each of the humours were associated with,
various correspondences and particular
physical and mental characteristics, and
could, moreover, be combined for more
complex personality types: (e.g. choleric-
1 ie sanguine, etc).
©The result is a system that provides a quite
elaborate classification of types of
صفحه 4:
The Four Humours
Classical Thow @ |
*In classic times medicine ته
was equated with philosopt \ | | / ۲ ۱
and three Greek ) ۹ 6
philosophers Hippocrates
(c.460 - 370 b.c.e.), Plato (427-348 bevel)
and
3 (384-322 b.c.e.) contributed to
the
۳ 2
vision of health, disease and the functions
of the
body.
* Although ۳ had differences in general
cy saw health as an equilibrium of the
body as determined by the four humors.
صفحه 5:
The Four Humours
Classical Thought
Cont'd...
® (Sap in plants and the blood in animals
is the fount of life. Other body fluids-
phlegm, bile, faeces, became visible in
illness when the balance is disturbed.
© (For instance, ات the sacred
disease was due to phlegm blocking
the airways that caused the body to
struggle and convulse to free itself.
Mania was due to bile boiling in the
brain. Black bile was al *:
disease theory and was /
with melancholy."
. dition to
/\ dated
*
7
صفحه 6:
The Four Humours
and Unani (Greek-derivet
Islamic Medicine) 2 Ss
2
® Unani is Arabic for Ionian, which means \ =
“Greek”.
© It is a formal medicine that has been =
7
practiced
for 6,000 years. 1
©» Also known as “hikmat”, Unani Tibb Medicine
was developed by the Greek physician
Hippocrates from the medicine and traditions:
of the ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Hikmat is still practiced today among و
Muslims of Xinjiang, China as a part of
Uighur medicine in India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
صفحه 7:
The Four Humou ۱ 5
20210 را(
® Unlike modern Western medicine,
hold to mind-body dualism but is rooted in the
understanding that spiritual peace is essential for
good health.
Unani medicine considers many factors in
maintaining health and divides the body ina
number of ways to define this wisdom.
The first way that Hikmat defines the body is to
describe it in terms of the four humors or akhilaat:
air, earth, fire and water emanate from the liver
forming a subtle network around the body.
In healing, foods and herbs are also classified
according to the four humors.
صفحه 8:
The Four Huma Sa
and Unani Cont. - 35
9س / ته
The four humors correspond to four bodily fluids: blood,
phlegm, black bile and yellow bile.
A typical diagnosis of a patient would take the balance of
these humors into consideration.
For instance, over-stimulation of wet-hot elements effects
nervous biochemical interactions within the body with
glandular ramifications within the blood.
| A wet-cold over-stimulation also effects nervous
biochemical interactions but with ramifications for the
relationship between the muscular biochemical exchanges
and the bloodstream such as diarrhea and diabetes.
Excess black bile in the blood leads to heart palpitations
and constipation
Excess yellow bile leads to general weakness
صفحه 9:
01 تت ۸۹۶۸۸ ۱۸ ۸ ۸ ٩ ۸ ۶ .لا ۸86 ظ
amg ف ei
۳ liza time be ethan Ti ecome هن
Humour | Body | produced | Blame | Qualities | Complexion and Personality
substance | 1 3
Sanguine | blood Teer [air | hotand | ‘amorous, happy, Generous,
moist | corpulent, optimistic, responsible
Gholene | yellowbile [spleen [Are | hotand | red-haired, thin | 01695204مة لوده تلم
any ambitious
Phlegmati | phlegm | lungs | water | cold and | corpulent ‘Sluggish, pallid, cowardly
Melanchol | Black bile | gall earth | cold and | sallow, thin introspective, sentimental
Bladder any gluttonous
صفحه 10:
Seagal اک
وا Ses
tae Figen
essai اه ف
رز
©» It was though that each of the "humours" gave off vapors
which ascended to the brain; an individual's personal
characteristics (physical, mental, moral) were explained
by his or her "temperament," or the state of that person's
"humours."
© The perfect temperament resulted when no one of these
humours dominated. By 1600 it was common to use
"humour" as a means of classifying characters;
knowledge of the humours is not only important to
‘sential to
Snternretinga Flizahethan drama
صفحه 11:
The Four Humours;insbhe
Modern World
© Rudolf Steiner, who derived a lot of his ideas from
Graeco-Medieval thought, not unsurprisingly
incorporated the humours into his overall synthesis)
and he discusses the four temperaments.
© \These are associated with dominance of one or the
other of the four levels of self.
®)Choleric with the ego (which Steiner associates with
"warmth", hence "fire") STABLE
©The Sanguine with the astral bo
The Phlegmatic with the etheric_
|The Melancholic with the physic:
EXTROV
aw 26 6
۰ ~ 98
: = a> 0
ce UNSTABLE
صفحه 12:
The Four Humours,
the
Modern World Cont’d..
© The sequence is from most subtle
(fire, traditionally "spirit") to most
dense (earth, hence physical)
7
تا
Elements.
* Steiner's has had less سا Touchy
impact than Hans Eysenck 9 و
(1916-1997) who developed Bera
the personality classification, oe ae
a ericlstdok the two ۳ Srnec
gradations of extrovert-introvert is 58
and stable-unstable, to come
|) up with four quadrants which F INTROVERTED =
could be associated with the
classic four temperaments. Each
quadrant is also are further divided
by keywords, creating a 360(]
gradation as follows: