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PowerPoint Presentation
for
Instructor’s Online Learning Center
Thermodynamics
Q@u Guyeeertay Oppo
Fourth Edition
Yunus A. Cengel
Michael A. Boles
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ای
4
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FIGURE 1-5
Some application areas of
thermodynamics.
“The human boy
Aiv-conditioning
systems
Water in
Car radiators Power plans
Refrigeration systems
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or اد
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FIGURE 1-7
The definition of the force units.
۰-1 2
m=1kg F=1N
a=1 ft/s?
m = 32.174 Ibm F=1 lbf
1-2
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system SURROUNDINGS
BOUNDARY
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mass NO
energy YES
display.
FIGURE 1-14
Mass cannot cross
the boundaries of
a closed system,
but energy can.
CLOSED
SYSTEM
m = constant
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FIGURE 1-17
A control volume may involve
fixed, moving, real, and
Imaginary
boundary Real boundary
\ 3
سكو
boundary
(6) A control volume with fixed and
(a) A control volume with real and.
moving boundaries
imaginary boundaries
15
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FIGURE 1- aisplay.
25
A process
between
states 1 and Property A
2 and the
rocess
oath State 2
Process path
Property B
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FIGURE 1-28 P.
The P-V diagram of
a compression
process.
_v Final state
Process path
ee
Initial
state
1
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FIGURE 1-32 “
The various forms ۳ >.
of microscopic
energies that 7 SS
make up sensible
energy. Molecular Molecular
translation rotation
08
Electron Molecular
translation vibration
Electron Nuclear
1-8 spin Sai
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FIGURE 1-39 نت
Ground-level
ozone, which is the
primary
component of
smog, forms when
HC and NOx react
in the presence of
sunlight in hot
calm days.
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Power plant
Sulfuric acid and
nitric acid are
formed when
sulfur oxides and
nitric oxides react
with water vapor
and other
chemicals high in
the atmosphere in
the presence of
sunlight.
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Greenhouse
gases
Some infrared
radiation emitted Solar radiation
by earth is absorbed passes through
by greenhouse and is mostly
gases and absorbed
emitted back by earth’s
surface
FIGURE 1-41
The greenhouse
effect on earth.
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FIGURE 1-45 aisplay.
P versus T plots of Pp
the experimental
data obtained from
a constant-volume
gas thermometer
using four different
gases at different
(but low)
pressures.
Measured
data points
Gas A
Gas B
Extrapolation
f
5 0 TCC)
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FIGURE 1-47 *c K 91 1
Boiling
Comparisoniof 100.00 1] 373.15 212.00 1671.67 point
temperature 5
of water
scales. at Latm
oot} 273.16 32.02 491.69 Mle
point
of water
273.15 HO © 459.67 HHO Absolute
zero
1-13
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FIGURE 1-51
Absolute, gage, and
vacuum pressures.
P rage
See eRe ات ساب ساب سل مت مت مت مت مت مت بت بت ام 2 مالس نت تفه
Prac svg
P stn Pum
Paps
Absolute Absolute
P pg =O
vacuum vacuum
1-14
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FIGURE 1-55
The pressure is the same
at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry,
provided that the points
are interconnected by the
d for reproduction or
5
Water
Py=Py=Po= p= Po=Pr= Pax Pain * pet
Put Py
1-15
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FIGURE 1-57
The basic
manometer.
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FIGURE 1-61
Schematic for
Example 1-8.
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displav.
FIGURE 1-63
The basic
barometer.
1-18 atm
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‘A300 W
resistance heater
A300WTV
A100 W computer
display.
‘A300 W
refrigerator
۳
‘A300 W fan
Two people, each
dissipatin
سچ 15
}
with a 200 W
monitor
FIGURE 1-75
Some arrangements
that supply a room
the same amount of
energy as a 300-W
electric resistance
heater.