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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. PowerPoint Presentation for Instructor’s Online Learning Center Thermodynamics Q@u Guyeeertay Oppo Fourth Edition Yunus A. Cengel Michael A. Boles

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en KC) ‏ای‎ 4

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-5 Some application areas of thermodynamics. “The human boy Aiv-conditioning systems Water in Car radiators Power plans Refrigeration systems

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‎or‏ اد ‎ ‎Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companie: ‎ ‎FIGURE 1-7 The definition of the force units. ‎۰-1 2 m=1kg F=1N a=1 ft/s? m = 32.174 Ibm F=1 lbf ‎1-2

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. system SURROUNDINGS BOUNDARY

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or mass NO energy YES display. FIGURE 1-14 Mass cannot cross the boundaries of a closed system, but energy can. CLOSED SYSTEM m = constant

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-17 A control volume may involve fixed, moving, real, and Imaginary boundary Real boundary \ 3 سكو ‎boundary‏ (6) A control volume with fixed and (a) A control volume with real and. moving boundaries imaginary boundaries 15

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or FIGURE 1- aisplay. 25 A process between states 1 and Property A 2 and the rocess oath State 2 Process path Property B

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-28 P. The P-V diagram of a compression process. _v Final state Process path ee Initial state 1

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reprodut display. FIGURE 1-32 “ The various forms ۳ >. of microscopic energies that 7 SS make up sensible energy. Molecular Molecular translation rotation 08 Electron Molecular translation vibration Electron Nuclear 1-8 spin Sai

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or FIGURE 1-39 ‏نت‎ ‎Ground-level ‎ozone, which is the primary component of smog, forms when HC and NOx react in the presence of sunlight in hot calm days.

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FIGURE TSH Te McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or Power plant Sulfuric acid and nitric acid are formed when sulfur oxides and nitric oxides react with water vapor and other chemicals high in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greenhouse gases Some infrared radiation emitted Solar radiation by earth is absorbed passes through by greenhouse and is mostly gases and absorbed emitted back by earth’s surface FIGURE 1-41 The greenhouse effect on earth.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or FIGURE 1-45 aisplay. P versus T plots of Pp the experimental data obtained from a constant-volume gas thermometer using four different gases at different (but low) pressures. Measured data points Gas A Gas B Extrapolation f 5 0 TCC)

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-47 *c K 91 1 Boiling Comparisoniof 100.00 1] 373.15 212.00 1671.67 point temperature 5 of water scales. at Latm oot} 273.16 32.02 491.69 Mle point of water 273.15 HO © 459.67 HHO Absolute zero 1-13

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-51 Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures. P rage See eRe ‏ات ساب ساب سل مت مت مت مت مت مت بت بت ام 2 مالس نت تفه‎ Prac svg P stn Pum Paps Absolute Absolute P pg =O vacuum vacuum 1-14

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission requi display. FIGURE 1-55 The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the d for reproduction or 5 Water Py=Py=Po= p= Po=Pr= Pax Pain * pet Put Py 1-15

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-57 The basic manometer.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 1-61 Schematic for Example 1-8.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or displav. FIGURE 1-63 The basic barometer. 1-18 atm

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reprodu ‘A300 W resistance heater A300WTV A100 W computer display. ‘A300 W refrigerator ۳ ‘A300 W fan Two people, each dissipatin سچ 15 } with a 200 W monitor FIGURE 1-75 Some arrangements that supply a room the same amount of energy as a 300-W electric resistance heater.

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