Water and Water Pollution

صفحه 1:
Oder und Outer Polutiod 

صفحه 2:
]0 Outer ConPicts " Outer shortages ic the Diddle Cust * Oile River ® dordod Busia " Digs an Cuphrates Rivers 

صفحه 3:
Three Qupr Qver Owes 

صفحه 4:
" Oe we usicy woioble Preskiwater vasustacrabhy ۰ ‏تور‎ ‎9 ‎۱ hie Por this imeplacedble waturd resvurve. ® Ove of every six people de ot hove subPicied ‏وه‎ ‏و‎ eo woter, cod this sitvaiod wil okoost certady vet .52 1دالللا 

صفحه 5:
" ‏روا‎ ts water sv icpportat? ۶ Carh wo wotery world — “P0% ® Preshwoter wuitcbitiy — O0.OCP% ® Pood) woonged ‏موی‎ حاصو عوصاصم ماك " ۶ Onter ‏شام‎ 

صفحه 6:
وس موموس و 

صفحه 7:
وی و یر ۰ * Outer table " Oxturd recharge 

صفحه 8:
" Geter net? * Dutervhed (drake) besic * Retable ruwPP — 1/9 oP tort = RuchP ue * Ovwestir - 6 © Dypiathure — PO% ° dedustridl we — CO% 

صفحه 9:
0 Outed Grates ® Oceved dstributica ۶ ‏نون‎ ‎۶ ‏سوق‎ 0۰ " Destera O.G. " Grourdwoter wikdrawd — GO% 

صفحه 10:
مات 0 بيجا ی ماو ‎rector‏ 00 109091 

صفحه 11:
Outer Wot Spots tr Oestera Gtates HII Highly likely conflict potential HEINE Substantial conflict potential IE Moderate contict potential ME Unmet rural water needs 

صفحه 12:
" ‏وصون)‎ oP water svurviiy * Ory oleate ۰ Pov wy pevple = (oP 0 peuple — w requ uess to cleo Wwoter © Over ove bilica hove oo usvess to ioproved drichicy Ute © @ovorday to the 0.0. chideed'’s upeuy OOICER, polluted Later cred hack oP basic sccitativo chic the kes oP over 4.9 wilica chided every peur, wosty Pow uxter-borur diseases. 

صفحه 13:
g Rea van do this. ۱ ‏ها‎ ‎۲۶۲ poputics wihout wvere to dP toy wuter ty it Okie (CO%) 

صفحه 14:
eed aha tO Cnc 

صفحه 15:
Wow Ou Oe Ieorecse Outer Gupples? ® Crovedwoter used to supply cities aod prow Pood is ‏جا لا‎ wed by previpitaicd. " ‏بو(‎ dave, ‏جاص ررد ارو 000 رجز‎ 2 troasfer water to arid neyious kas iaoreused water supphes ١١ those anes, but hes disrupted eoosystews 

صفحه 16:
۱ Gupphes? ® Oe ooo cower sadly poe water to Preshiwoter, but te ‏كاوها جا اود‎ cod the resuliog soly brice oust be ۳2 ۲۰ 

صفحه 17:
" )( ‏هزرل مج عدصلا‎ ® Oxnos und reservvirs ® Droosportioy surPace woter * Oesdticcticn ۶ Oder cowservativa ® Otter use oP catucd kydrologio ‏عاصروه‎ 

صفحه 18:
ا ااا ‎bs a‏ Groundwater "| ۰ ۲۴ | Overdrafts: = High Moderate Minor or none 

صفحه 19:
Major Well contaminated irrigation with saltwater 0 Fresh groundwater aquifer 0 NE Interface ‘Saltwater intrusion Normal interface emo Lanes 

صفحه 20:
‎oP bag Ouaws ued Reservoirs‏ اك ‎ ‎ ‎ 

صفحه 21:
تم هه يب ‎CdlPoraa Oder‏ CALIFORNIA, ‘Shastalake ۵ UTAH Sac Oroville Dan River Reservoir Feather, North Bay — Aqueduct est Sacramenio San Francisco ¢ South Bay — Aqueduct is Dam ~ 2 California Aqueduct ~ Seen ‘ARIZONA conte nai Colorado River santa Barbara ‘Aqueduct Central Arizona Los Angeles’ Protect Tutson MEXICO 

صفحه 22:
متو) ای بر و موم ور ‎borge-svdle‏ ® 

صفحه 23:
* Oied-blowa sat * Odter potatos 2 Chwatic chores * Restoraiva ePPorts 

صفحه 24:
Ghrichktay rad Gea 

صفحه 25:
١ Reverse vswosis * 16,000 place ia IOS vowctries 

صفحه 26:
Quer Problews wih Oesdicatiod Wink vost Oru oP ‏مه نوی‎ barge quectiy oP brice wustes Ccensumables 3 Maintenance and Parts Th Typical Costs for a Reverse-Osmosis Desalination Plant Membrane Replacement 0 Laber Electrical Eneray 4096 ature eoowwirs 

صفحه 27:
Oshkheloa Ploat supplies IS% oP Israels Wousehokds ‏لو ور‎ Largest post ic 9 

صفحه 28:
۱ Oe Ose Outer Dore Gustacabpy? ® Oe cod use wuter wore ‏لوسر وله را لوصح‎ uote, roistay uwvaler prices, stowicry popukaion yout, ued protentagy aqubers, Porests, ood other eoosystews tot store ood refuse water. 

صفحه 29:
موه من و عناصمو) ۶ ی ‎veporuivn, bobs‏ © * Outer prives, yvennved subsides, waste 

صفحه 30:
تاه مرن جمصوص | " رام مشاه ‎eoprove‏ 9 ۶ ‏متا و وا سو)‎ und busicesses 

صفحه 31:
Center pivot efficiency 0% th ow pressure ١ 0 spun) Drip rigaton ‎Wate usualy pumped from‏ رس ‎Gravity flow reign ad spe rom ‏بو مومسم‎ and #086 th trae ves | ‏ی‎ oes rosie boom wth spe Water sual comes rom an indica plant oot. ‎ousst sytem 3 near vr ‎ ‎ ‎ 

صفحه 32:
SOLUTIONS عاكه ل[ معدلل دمتاموتسآ عم Line canals bringing water to irrigation ditches irrigate at night to reduce evaporation Monitor soil moisture to add water only when necessary Grow several crops on each plot of land (polyculture) Encourage organic farming ‘Avoid growing water-thirsty crops in dry areas Irrigate with treated urban waste water Import water-intensive crops and meat 

صفحه 33:
SOLUTIONS een aera ee 1 Redesign manufacturing proceses to useless water fs Recjce waar in ius sm Lanccape yar with plants that equi tle water اموا وات ‎Use‏ عاد و ‎meters‏ ها ما ‎Rae water pices ‎Use wateress composing tlets ‎Require water conservation in watershor ites‏ و ‎1 Use water-sving toes, showerheads and frontloading clothes washers 1 Collet and reuse household water to rigate lawns and nonedible plants ‎1 Pui and reuse water for houses, apartments, and offike buldngs| ‎ 

صفحه 34:
SOLUTIONS Sustainable Water Use tm Waste less water and subsiaize water conservation ‎Do not deplete aquifers‏ سا ‎m Preserve water quality ‎Protect forests, wetlands, mountain glaciers, watersheds, and other natural systems that Store and release water ‎Get agreements among regions ‘and countries sharing surface ‘water resources ‎Raise water prices ‎ ‎= Siow population growth ‎ 

صفحه 35:
۱ ‏ام‎ Ov? WHAT CAN YOU DO? ۱ Neri 1 Use watersoving tole, showerheads, and faucet aerators. 1 Shower instead of taking bath, and take short showers * Repair water leaks 1 Turn off sink faucets while brushing teth, shaving, or washing "= Wath only full loads of clothes or use the lowest possible water-level setting ‘or smaller loads 1 Use recycle (gray) water for watering lawns and houseplants and for washing cars. "= Wash a car ftom a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose for rnsing ony 1 Ifyou use a commercial carwash, try to find one that recycles its water. 1 Replace your lawn with native plants that nee lite if any watering, '© Water lawns and yards inthe early morning or evening, 1 Use dip inigaton and mulch for gardens and flowerbeds 

صفحه 36:
Wow Ou Oe Reduce the Oh Peake neat Pe ® Oe ooo iepprove Pood ooutrol by protectiay wore ‏و1 بملشط‎ aneus subject to Prequec Ploodiery. 

صفحه 37:
With ‏موب ملس‎ ® @rovide coturd Pood ocd erosive cvotrot * Ouictaia high water quatiy ® Recharge yourndioter 

صفحه 38:
* Pertle svis 9 Orwby nvers Por use ond revreiod ۴ (Photoeds ‏له نموت و‎ Pareviccy 

صفحه 39:
0 ‏وی للم‎ ۶ ‏لا حیرشت مورا‎ 2 CPaitay dows ced water diversion ® Woniccar (Cotrica ond the Buh Coast © Rewoud oP ‏لمات نومه‎ 

صفحه 40:
د و له جروتاجع 8) ‎al‏ ۱ 

صفحه 41:
۶ Oruse ‏موجه‎ ® Loved vo crustal Ploodptaict ® Ooderae Ploods wuiataict Perle svil ۶ Jocreuse Prequeapy oF barge Floods ® Oevelppwent io the Wicodayoa Povthils ® Ocrsteuniiva oP avast wetlands 

صفحه 42:
Oxygen released by vegetation ‘Tee plantation oe Evapotranspiration decreases vapotrenepration destdbilize Svapotranspirati ‏فد‎ vergraing acelerats sil 101117 erosion by water and wind erosion from heavy rain and wind Winds remove fragile topsol Agricultural مه ام ۰ ۳ wis flooded and Gullies and landslides # Heavy rain erodes topsoil Tree roots stabilize sol Vegetation releases water Sit fram erosion fils vers and reservoirs Rapid runoit slowly and reduces flaoding causes flooding Forested Hillside After Deforestation 

صفحه 43:
SOLUTIONS Rouen eee Control Strengthen and deepen streams (channelization) Build levees or floodwalls along streams Build dams Prevention Preserve forests on ‘watersheds Preserve and restore ‘wetlands in floodplains ‘Tax development on : floodplains Use floodplains primarily for recharging aquifers, sustainable agriculture and forestry 

صفحه 44:
1 aa aed )0( 1 عووسلادم رووده خأد جسجماوومجهاا ججووجاد مد جدمروصر8) 9 ‎we de ot overt thew.‏ ®) Prevectay water potuticn usualy works better cod moss fess toc irpicg to cleo it up. 

صفحه 45:
YAO AA eK STL Area ae ad (7) ®) Reducicy water potuica requires prevedioy it, workicy ‏برحل جد ب ملمحصا وز جصدامنو كاده‎ putty resource use ood uate, reduviay poverty, ood stwiey popukaion youth. 

صفحه 46:
eng ‏میم‎ " Outer ‏شا‎ " Pot sources * Oisckarye ot spevilic loaves ° Gusier to ideuiPy, wooo, recut 7 QOvuport sources ۰ ‏اس‎ oP chewiods ond ‏على‎ ‎* @crivuture * Control is dPRicdt ond expensive 

صفحه 47:
Human and animal wastes Sewage, animal feedlts, food processing facies, pulp mills Sewage, animal wastes, inorganic fertilizers Industry, farms, households Industry, households, surface runoff Land erosion Electric power and industrial plants ال ا ل امنا Examples Bacteria, viruses, parasites Biodegradable animal wastes and plant debris Nitrates (NO;~) and phosphates (PO?) il, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, leaning solvents Acids, salts, metal compounds Sail, silt Heat ۱0۱۵۰ righ Oye cm mr, Nica ca id Me ali grind Table 11-1 تحار ‎Infectious agents cause diseases‏ ‘Oxygen-demanding wastes deplete dissolved oxygen needed by aquatic species Plant nutrients cause excessive growth of algae and other species ‘Organic chemicals add toxins to aquatic systems Inorganic chemicals add toxins to aquatic systems Sediments disrupt photosynthesis, food webs, other processes ‘Thermal pollution makes some species vulnerable to disease 

صفحه 48:
sp water organisms jean water 18 ‏ا وود‎ Nowa) cle } emp.92i (ero, 92 ‏تيمم ی‎ ches) ‏ی‎ Tmaviy stonetb? at pe 0۳۸ | ash fish Normal anisms 

صفحه 49:
* Oiuiod less ePPenive thoa wi sireans ۰ ‏مرن‎ ‎* bow Plow ® Lokes oe wore vulceroble thao streans " Gurophicaivg — ooturd ugicg process * Okpirophic 

صفحه 50:


صفحه 51:
9 Glow Pow, dition, dispersiva 

صفحه 52:
" ‏لكوأعحوصات امسو عونا جاجد جدمتةبمور|‎ © Orqreaduble wustes — ‏ال مرن‎ * Glow deqraduble wastes — DOT © Oowdeqraduble wustes — bead, ursecic, Phuoride 

صفحه 53:
و موس ‎tomy‏ 

صفحه 54:
Cee (ao Ti cm ® Globd sod — wt work ‏میج‎ * Qocitoriey is Very expeusive ۶ ‏لو(‎ Buel tock feohkoge * OTOE ” Orseuic ® @rotevtog ycurdwoter — preveciva is best! 

صفحه 55:
roxy Dp ‏جم‎ SOLUTIONS Prevention Cleanup Pump to surace, clesn, and return to aquifer (very expensive) Find substitutes for toxic chemicals Keep toxic chemicals out of the environment Instll montoring wets reer lees and underground tanks = Inject microorganisms to dan up contamination tes expensive but stil equi leak detectors on cost) Underground tanks fan hazardous waste dsposal in ands and injection wells Store harmful quid in Pump nanoparticles of aboveground tanks with leak inorganic compounds 0 fetection and colecion remove pollutants (stil systems being developed) 

صفحه 56:
« ‏وه وونل‎ - highly productive evospstews ۱ FO% vf population * Dwice tha population by COCO © Ob OO% worter poluiion vrigitates va herd * Opep vvew woters ۰ Gowe copuniy to dhute, disperse, degrade pobutcts * Ovews dusppiay pouovErsies * Osstvitive vapaniiy? 

صفحه 57:
ee ‘ian spa ‏مس‎ | mans betes Som ‏ی مب‎ ‏کت | | مایم و‎ ‏ریت6 سس‎ ok ‏اس‎ ‎ene‏ نت ‎ ‎ ‏مقس ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

صفحه 58:
Gotewe Poms: Oxyeed Depletion ta the Oortera CON ae Oecd Missouri River iia Messing River: 59 1 LOUISIANA. ۳ ‏و‎ ‎202/۳ ‏م‎ ‎3۹ ‎Gulf of Mexico: ‘J Gulf of Mexico 

صفحه 59:
‎Or an‏ ان ‎" Onde ocd rePiced petiole ‎ ‎® Dooker uvideds — Crxva Ouklez ‏صصص امقفص لص لحم ‎Orbos‏ ® ‎ 

صفحه 60:
دوجاو ررود2 82 مجن 0 جن جو ]اجن ‎Oy AG‏ ۱4 " )0(ناهقاج ‏جججاءوجمسلعوا جتممصرسص‎ © Kil var ° Destroys coturcd iosuatica ced buopoay * Wey vil ۰ Gioks ocd ‏من مسا انا‎ * Cord reePs die 

صفحه 61:
OO AU ad " Cured wethods recover w wore thon IG % ® Preveciiog is wost ePPevive wetkod * Coctrol ‏“صصص‎ ‎° Opuble koul ‏هه‎ 

صفحه 62:
SOLUTIONS اسلامم 3 Prevention ‏اس‎ ‎Reduce input of toxic Impreve ois cleanup polutants capabilites Separate sewage and tom ines Use nanoparticles on evage ado pile ‘Sexo the ‏ان‎ or sewage Gall underdevelopment) fan during of wastes ated senage ysis n fan ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous ‘edged material a Require secondary weatment of cont senage Regulate coastal evelopment, ot tin, and ol sipping Use wetlands, slar-squatic, Regul double hus for ‘rather method to test, ‎sewage‏ اه ‎ 

صفحه 63:
" Oosty aricturd waste 9 Ose veyetaive to reduce svi erosiva | Reduce Pertizer use 

صفحه 64:
* Ose plot buPPer ‏وود‎ around Piekts ood coiczal Peedits " (eep Peeditts wou Prow slopes, surPace water ord Flood zoues ۶ ‏موس‎ pest wacrayeweut 

صفحه 65:
Laws Por Reduce Porat Gource Pvhution " Cleo Outer Ort 9 Onter 9 ‏اع 3) قاس‎ = Oischarye tondiag pooiroversies 

صفحه 66:
* Qurd ocd suburbod uew — septic tock ® Orboo aeus — wustewuter treated phot * @rivey treakwed — physicd process ° Geooekey treakvedt — bivloyicd provess ® CRKoricvaiiod — bleuckieg cod disicPevtiod 

صفحه 67:
وا ‎disinfection tank‏ Toriver, lake, or ocean Disposed of in landfill or ocean or applied 1 cropland, pasture, or rangeland Secondary Settling tank ‘Aeration tank Settling tanks Primary Gait chamber Bar screen Raw sewage rom sewers 

صفحه 68:
® Gpstews thot exclide hozardous waste " Ovokozadous wuste substitutes كوممجاع رو أصاما كجتاوم وج ۱0 ۴ 

صفحه 69:
er RO che rack aa Ars heard te 0.6. a4 1 5 9 Oud vews - ©0009 survey ۰ FS% vf bakes ood PO% oF strecnvs tov poluted Por PBiskieey ocr ‏واكواك‎ ‎© Ru P ‏ومشلامم‎ PoP ID rivers ۰ isk cought io VP oP waterways vosdPe to et 

صفحه 70:
® Yes — euwirvaedtists " Ov — Parwers und developers ® Grote ced fool oPPivias werat wore discretion 

صفحه 71:
عصاصسب بجكاوضيك ممحاءى خام ۱ 9 ‏عون لجم‌مورو()‎ develppicgy counties 

صفحه 72:
" 60 t 7,SOO toes the post oP tap ‏سسب‎ ‎۶ @bou WE is ordicary tap ‏ویب‎ " ‏حول‎ PO% oF bottled water pootaricratied 

صفحه 73:
ag SOLUTIONS ل كا 1m Prevent groundwater contamination = Reduce nonpoint runott im Reuse treated wastewater for irigation ‏سر‎ Find substitutes for toxic pollutants Work with nature to treat sewage m Practice four R's of resource use (efuse, reduce, recycle, reuse) m Reduce air pollution m Reduce poverty ‎Slow population growth‏ ها ‎ 

صفحه 74:
WHAT CAN YOU DO? اش اهتنا ‎Fertiize garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead‏ و ‎of commercial inorganic fertilizer.‏ ‎Minimize your use of pesticides, especially near bodies of water ‎Grow or buy organic foods. ‎Compost your food wastes. ‎Do not use water fresheners in toilets ‎= Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet, ‎Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, ol, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto ‎the ground. ‎ 

Water and Water Pollution Case Study: Water Conflicts  Water shortages in the Middle East  Nile River  Jordan Basin  Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Three Major River Basins in the Middle East Will We Have Enough Water?  We are using available freshwater unsustainably • wasting it • polluting it • charging too little for this irreplaceable natural resource.  One of every six people do not have sufficient access to clean water, and this situation will almost certainly get worse. Importance and Availability of Water  Why is water so important?  Earth as a watery world – 71%  Freshwater availability – 0.024%  Poorly managed resource  Hydrologic cycle  Water pollution Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area Evaporation and transpiration Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Evaporation Runoff Flowing artesian well Infiltration Less permeable material such as clay Water table Recharge Unconfined Stream Aquifer Well requiring a pump Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Confining impermeable rock layer Lake Groundwater  Zone of saturation  Water table  Aquifers  Natural recharge Surface Water  Surface runoff  Watershed (drainage) basin  Reliable runoff – 1/3 of total  Runoff use • Domestic – 10% • Agriculture – 70% • Industrial use – 20% Case Study: Freshwater Resources in the United States  Uneven distribution  Contamination  Eastern U.S.  Western U.S.  Groundwater withdrawal – 50% Average annual precipitation (centimeters) Less than 41 41-81 81-122 More than 122 Acute shortage Shortage Adequate supply Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Stepped Art Water Hot Spots in Western States Freshwater Shortages  Causes of water scarcity • Dry climate • Too many people  1 of 6 people – no regular access to clean water • Over one billion have no access to improved drinking water • According to the U.N. children's agency UNICEF, polluted water and lack of basic sanitation claim the lives of over 1.5 million children every year, mostly from water-borne diseases. While most people living in Western Europe can access safe water, only 50% of people living in Central Africa can do this. The largest population without access to safe tap water is in China (25%) waterwiki.net/index.php/Unsafe_Water Stress on World’s River Basins How Can We Increase Water Supplies?  Groundwater used to supply cities and grow food is being pumped from aquifers in some areas faster than it is renewed by precipitation.  Using dams, reservoirs, and transport systems to transfer water to arid regions has increased water supplies in those areas, but has disrupted ecosystems and displaced people. How Can We Increase Water Supplies?  We can convert salty ocean water to freshwater, but the cost is high, and the resulting salty brine must be disposed of without harming aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. Increasing Freshwater Supplies  Withdrawing groundwater  Dams and reservoirs  Transporting surface water  Desalination  Water conservation  Better use of natural hydrologic cycle Aquifer Depletion from Groundwater Overdraft in the United States Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Water Wells Trade-offs of Large Dams and Reservoirs California Water Project and Central Arizona Project Aral Sea Disaster  Large-scale water transfers in dry central Asia  Salinity  Wetland destruction and wildlife  Fish extinctions and fishing Aral Sea Disaster  Wind-blown salt  Water pollution  Climatic changes  Restoration efforts Shrinking Aral Sea Removing Salt from Seawater  Desalination  Distillation  Reverse osmosis  15,000 plants in 125 countries Major Problems with Desalination     High cost Death of marine organisms Large quantity of brine wastes Future economics Ashkelon Plant supplies 15% of Israel’s Households water needsLargest plant in 2005 How Can We Use Water More Sustainably?  We can use water more sustainably by cutting water waste, raising water prices, slowing population growth, and protecting aquifers, forests, and other ecosystems that store and release water. Reducing Water Waste (1)  Benefits of water conservation  Worldwide – 65-70% loss • Evaporation, leaks  Water prices, government subsides, waste Reducing Water Waste (2)  Improve irrigation efficiency  Improve collection efficiency  Use less in homes and businesses Major Irrigation Systems Reducing Irrigation Water Waste Reducing Water Waste Sustainable Water Use What Can You Do? How Can We Reduce the Threat of Flooding?  We can improve flood control by protecting more wetlands and natural vegetation in watersheds and by not building in areas subject to frequent flooding. Benefits of Floodplains (1)  Highly productive wetlands  Provide natural flood and erosion control  Maintain high water quality  Recharge groundwater Benefits of Floodplains (2)  Fertile soils  Nearby rivers for use and recreation  Flatlands for urbanization and farming Dangers of Floodplains and Floods  Deadly and destructive  Human activities worsen floods  Failing dams and water diversion  Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf Coast • Removal of coastal wetlands Before and During a Flood in St. Louis, Missouri Case Study: Floodplains of Bangladesh  Dense population  Located on coastal floodplain  Moderate floods maintain fertile soil  Increase frequency of large floods  Development in the Himalayan foothills  Destruction of coastal wetlands Hillside Before and After Deforestation Reducing Flood Damage How Can We Best Deal with Water Pollution? (1)  Streams can cleanse themselves of many pollutants if we do not overload them.  Preventing water pollution usually works better and costs less than trying to clean it up. How Can We Best Deal with Water Pollution? (2)  Reducing water pollution requires preventing it, working with nature in treating sewage, cutting resource use and waste, reducing poverty, and slowing population growth. Water Pollution Sources  Water pollution  Point sources • Discharge at specific locations • Easier to identify, monitor, regulate  Nonpoint sources • Runoff of chemicals and sediment • Agriculture • Control is difficult and expensive Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources Pollution in Streams Lake Pollution (1)  Dilution less effective than with streams • Stratification • Low flow  Lakes are more vulnerable than streams  Eutrophication – natural aging process • Oligotrophic Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes Groundwater Pollution (1)  Sources  Slow flow, dilution, dispersion  Low dissolved oxygen  Fewer bacteria  Cooler temperatures Groundwater Pollution (2)  Longtime scale for natural cleansing • Degradable wastes – organic matter • Slowly degradable wastes – DDT • Nondegradable wastes – lead, arsenic, fluoride Sources of Groundwater Pollution Extent of Groundwater Pollution  Global scale – not much known  Monitoring is very expensive  Underground fuel tank leakage • MTBE  Arsenic  Protecting groundwater – prevention is best! Preventing and Cleaning Up Groundwater Pollution Ocean Pollution  Coastal areas – highly productive ecosystems • Occupied by 40% of population • Twice that population by 2050 • About 80% marine pollution originates on land  Deep ocean waters • Some capacity to dilute, disperse, degrade pollutants • Ocean dumping controversies • Assimilative capacity? Coastal Water Pollution Science Focus: Oxygen Depletion in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Oil Pollution in Oceans  Crude and refined petroleum  Tanker accidents – Exxon Valdez  Urban and industrial runoff Effects of Oil Pollution on Ocean Ecosystems  Volatile organic hydrocarbons • Kill larvae • Destroys natural insulation and buoyancy  Heavy oil • Sinks and kills bottom organisms • Coral reefs die Oil Cleanup Methods  Current methods recover no more than 15%  Prevention is most effective method • Control runoff • Double haul tankers Preventing and Cleaning Up Pollution in Coastal Waters Preventing Nonpoint Source Pollution (1)  Mostly agricultural waste  Use vegetation to reduce soil erosion  Reduce fertilizer use Preventing Nonpoint Source Pollution (2)  Use plant buffer zones around fields and animal feedlots  Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood zones  Integrated pest management Laws for Reducing Point Source Pollution  Clean Water Act  Water Quality Act  Discharge trading controversies Sewage Treatment Systems  Rural and suburban areas – septic tank  Urban areas – wastewater treatment plants • Primary treatment – physical process • Secondary treatment – biological process • Chlorination – bleaching and disinfection Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment Improving Sewage Treatment  Systems that exclude hazardous waste  Nonhazardous waste substitutes  Composting toilet systems Reducing Water Pollution from Point Sources in the U.S.  Impressive achievements  Bad news – 2006 survey • 45% of lakes and 40% of streams too polluted for fishing and swimming • Runoff polluting 7 of 10 rivers • Fish caught in 1/4 of waterways unsafe to eat Should the Clean Water Act be Strengthened?  Yes – environmentalists  No – farmers and developers  State and local officials want more discretion Drinking Water Quality  Purification of urban drinking water  Developed versus developing countries Is Bottled Water the Answer?  120 to 7,500 times the cost of tap water  About 1/4 is ordinary tap water  About 40% of bottled water contaminated  Water testing  Water purifiers Methods for Preventing and Reducing Water Pollution What Can We Do?