آفات مواد غذایی انبار شده

آفات مواد غذایی انبار شده

اسلاید 1: Stored Food PestsModified from:urbanprinciples.ifas.ufl.edu/stored food pests.ppt

اسلاید 2: Stored food pests 80% of human food comes from grains12% of harvest is lost to insects before harvestanother 36% is lost after harvest to insectsoverall total food losses due to pests are about 50% destruction

اسلاید 3: Two Pest Categories Primary – Cause initial injurySecondary – Take advantage of injury.

اسلاید 4: Types of losses due to pestsDirectIndirect

اسلاید 5: Direct lossesActual consumption loss of weight, loss of nutrients, lower germination,reduced grade lower market valueContamination Damage to structures or containers

اسلاید 6: Indirect losseswet grain heatingbacteriafungialflatoxinsparasites of humanscontrol and application costsexcessive pesticide residuesloss of consumer confidence

اسلاید 7: Food contaminationInsect infestation results in grain damage that cannot be repairedFood defect action levels set FDA standards for insect contaminationFood exceeding those levels cannot be mixed with un-infested food to reduce levels of contaminationFood processors can be fined or sent to jail for infestations found during inspections

اسلاید 8: Food Defect Action LevelsApple ButterInsect Filth: Ave. of 5 or more whole or equivalent insects (not counting mites, aphids, thrips, or scale insects) per 100 g of apple butterRodent Filth: Ave. of 4 or more rodent hairs per 100 g sampleSignificance: Aesthetic

اسلاید 9: Food Action Defect LevelsCherries, fresh, canned or frozenInsect FilthAvg. of 4% or more pieces are rejects due to insects other than maggotsWheat FlourInsect Filth: Ave of 75 or more insect fragments per 50 g

اسلاید 10: Management of Stored Food PestsMonitor Pest PopulationControl through non-chemical means if possibleUse Chemicals as a last resort (they can cause rejection too).Objective: Prevent contamination from causing rejection

اسلاید 11: Inspection and monitoringSurvey areas where insect pests can enter facilityWindows and doors should be tight to prevent entry when closedVegetation (fruit and nut trees) can cause pests to proliferate close to the buildingWeeds can provide harborage

اسلاید 12: MonitoringLight traps— commonly used to trap flies, can be used to monitor flying stored product insects alsoProbe traps-- inserted into infested commodity to trap insectsFlanders, K

اسلاید 13: Pheromone Trap

اسلاید 14: TrappingTraps for all but flour beetles should be placed about 6 feet up. Flour beetle traps should be placed level on floor or shelves Place traps in grid pattern 25-50* feet apartDo not place close to windows and doors to prevent luring insects into facility***Pinpoint problem areas, then visually inspect to find infestationRoutinely service to replace attractants and clean or change sticky trapsLures are effective for two months after this they should be replaced with new ones.

اسلاید 15: Information from TrappingMonitoring—new introductions, isolate current problemsLooking at setae on back of a beetle, can determine food it was in.

اسلاید 16: Other Rules of ThumbA warehouse may be 1 million cubic feetTrap placement1/30,000 ft3 (“average”)1/10,000 ft3 (“critical”)1/100,000 (“non-critical”)

اسلاید 17: MonitoringSex pheromone produced by Various Moths Anobiid beetlesDermestid beetlesSources:Insects LimitedTreceWhitmireMoth – volatile

اسلاید 18: MonitoringAggregation pheromoneproduced by many flour beetles and grain beetles. Both males and females respond to the lures

اسلاید 19: Indian meal moth pheromonesadults up to 13 mm, bicolored wings, inner half light colored, outer half copperyfeeds on almost any stored food but especially is found in stored nuts, grain, dried fruit, and pet foodtraps contain hangers, traps, lures, and sticky paper

اسلاید 20: Red and confused flour beetle pheromoneadults up to 4.4 mm, dark reddish and somewhat flattenedfeed on flours, cereals, debris, cocoa, fruits, and vegetable productstraps contain traps, oil dispensers, oil pads, and lures

اسلاید 21: Cigarette beetlesadults up to 5 mm, brown to reddish with the head tucked under pronotumattacks most stored food including tobaccohanging traps have hangers, traps, luresfloor traps have stations and lures

اسلاید 22: Sawtoothed grain beetleadults up to 3.25 mm, elongated and flattened, toothlike projections on side of pronotumenter many sealed containerssame trap as flour beetle trap but with sawtoothed grain beetle attractant

اسلاید 23: Angoumois grain mothadult wingspan up to 19 mm pale yellow forewings and gray pointed hindwingsattacks whole grainshanging trap includes traps, hangers, and lures

اسلاید 24:

اسلاید 25: The trick to traps . . .Where’s the plume?Things that influence the pheromone plume:Air handling systemHVAC, positive pressureHigh use during summer and winterSends pheromone up and out of building if hung too highBut if you hang the trap too low, the distribution of the pheromone will be poor and affect trap catch/lancaster.unl.edu

اسلاید 26: IPM: Management TacticsNon-chemical controlSanitation—Physical—Cultural—Many of the non-chemical control methods are PREVENTATIVEBiological Control: ?

اسلاید 27: IPM: Management TacticsJudicious use of insecticidesExamples of treatment plans, associated application equipment, formulations available and some products

اسلاید 28: Common Facilities with Stored Product PestsWarehousesStoresHomesBins will be covered in the lab

اسلاید 29: General Principles for an IPM ProgramInspect incoming material (prevention) is the first line of defense against most stored product insects.

اسلاید 30: Inspect rail cars and trucks for spilled food and infestationswww.bulkwest.com

اسلاید 31: Flour in bags— examine seams of bags; check surface of bags, look under a few bags, look for holes in bags, check pallethttp://www.fsa.usda.gov/daco/pdd/eob/bhous35.jpg

اسلاید 32: Inspection of incoming materialsLook for trails in dust to determine presence of insectsBoxes of grain products— check surface of transportation vehicle and dust residues, remove inner pack, check box and bottom of box, check pallets

اسلاید 33: Inspect material before putting inside kitchen pantryCheck cereal boxes, flour bags, or any grain containing food/www.artisanspecialties.com

اسلاید 34: General Principles for an IPM ProgramInspect incoming materialFirst in, first out

اسلاید 35: First In, First Outwww.olsensgrain.com

اسلاید 36: Pet StoresBags of pet food are common sources of infestation.

اسلاید 37: Pet StoresPig’s ear chew toy--dermestidswww.dog-gonegoodies.com

اسلاید 38: Grocery StoresSPP can start infestation in food products, but become a problem in paper goods (packaging) where they can pupate.

اسلاید 39: General Principles for an IPM ProgramInspect incoming materialFirst in, first outSanitation

اسلاید 40: SanitationSpilled foodFlour dustTrash containersBroken packagingEquipment cleaning

اسلاید 41: SanitationIt’s one thing to clean out a kitchen pantryDiscard infested itemsVacuumWipe shelves down with warm soapy water pages.ivillage.com

اسلاید 42: Sanitation?

اسلاید 43: Sanitation?www.bulkwest.comhttp://www.worldgrain.com/graphic/bulk.gif

اسلاید 44: Non-chemical controlsColdHeatPackagingMechanical destruction

اسلاید 45: ColdLow temperature of product can retard or kill stored product pestsGrain storage silos usually have aeration equipment to pull cold air into grain in winter to kill or slow development of grain pestsStoring susceptible materials in refrigerator will slow or kill pestsPackages placed in refrigerator will kill most stored products pests if the cold penetrates to all areas of the package (4 days for a 5 lb bag of flour)

اسلاید 46: HeatProcessing plants are often heated to 120-150oF for 24 hoursInfested food can be placed in oven at 150oF for 20 minutesInfrared and microwaves are often used to kill pests in processing

اسلاید 47: PackagingPackaging can keep products free of insectsNewly hatched larvae can penetrate cracks 0.12 mm wideWaxed paper and cardboard can be penetrated by stored products pests75% of infestation occurs at folds and corners of a cartonFoil laminates can prevent most insect infestationGlass jars and metal drums are virtually insect proof

اسلاید 48: Mechanical destructionHigh rpm (2,900 rpm) will kill insects and mitesMilling and other processing equipment can mechanically destroy insect pests

اسلاید 49: Entoleter – Impact milling equipmenthttp://www.entoleter.com/

اسلاید 50: Chemical controlMuch changed with loss of MeBrContact treatments -- Ultralow volume (ULV) or Ultralow dosage (ULD) applications of pyrethrins or pyrethroidsFogs, mists, and aerosols cannot penetrate food to kill insectsThey kill exposed stages and can be used regularly to prevent infestations in the facility from attacking productsProtectant insecticidesPlaced in cracks and crevices where insects rest.

اسلاید 51: ProtectantsInorganic dusts (diatomaceous earth) sometimes used to protect seeds and grains from insectsMalathion-- has been registered for application to all major grains and has been used since 1958. EPA tolerance is 8 ppmin recent years most of the common pest species have developed resistance to malathionNot widely used

اسلاید 52: ProtectantsChlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan),Banned in 2003Pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic)-- expanded registrations for stored grain insectsNot widely usedSpinosadRegistered for stored grain use in Jan. 2005.Effective against all major insect pests.Like Bt, it is a bacterial by-product so is considered “natural” and can thus be used on grain for any target market (including organic).

اسلاید 53: ProtectantsHydroprene (Gentrol)-- can be fogged and sprayed for control of stored products pestsGentrol Point SourceMethoprene (Diacon II, Wellmark and DeGesch)Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel)-- exempt from tolerance regulations. Can be applied as a surface treatment for control of lepidopteran pests

اسلاید 54: FumigantsUsed to kill insects in raw and packaged foodLeave very little residue

اسلاید 55: ProFume is replacing Methyl Bromide2005 – MeBr production/importation bannedProFume major player now.Dow AgroSciencesSulfuryl Fluoride – old product, used for structural pest control for many years (Vikane)Disrupts the glycolosis and citric acid cycles, works in 24-48 hCost similar to MeBr

اسلاید 56: Phostoxin, Gastoxin, or MagtoxinCan be used to kill insects in all kinds of grain, including seeds because phosphine has no effect on germinationAt 68oF, fumigation time is 3 days, at 40-53oF recommended time of fumigation is 10 days; therefore treated areas must be very gastight

اسلاید 57: Fumigation procedure for stored products pestsSealingsimilar to structural fumigation, but usually the infested product is placed on a concrete slab and covered with a tarp held in place with sand snakes or tapePlastic tarp and tape is minimum requiredPlacards must be placed before start of fumigation and must contain name of fumigant, date of release, name and phone of applicatorIf area around the fumigation is occupied, monitoring within 10 ft of the fumigated area is required and levels recorded

اسلاید 58: Fumigation procedure for stored products pestsRelease of the fumigant2 person teams responsible for release of fumigant. Full face respirators with proper canisters or SCBA equipment must be available before release of fumigant

اسلاید 59: Fumigation procedure for stored products pestsAerationA method of ventilation of the fumigated area must have been established before release of fumigantSCBA must be used in concentrations above 15 ppmfull face respirators with yellow cannister with olive stripe are used for 0.3-15 ppmno protection is required below 0.3 ppm Anyone entering a fumigated area where concentrations are unknown must where SCBA

اسلاید 60: Fumigation procedure for stored products pestsMonitoringUsually Draeger tubes and a hand pump are used to monitor levels of fumigant. One pump will draw a specific amount of air through the tubeColor change in the reactive material in the tube indicates air levelsCardinal Product