برنامه سازی پیشرفته

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برنامه سازی پیشر فته 

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Object-Oriented Design. ™The focus of methods is on doing things; roughly speaking, we can say that methods focus on the verbs. ™In object-oriented design, we focus on the nouns a ire ceria oa cate coca ‏لمجا وبند رج‎ oN ara eRe peas ۱ ۵۲ 0-7 eld Nore Chel and cP Cac ced aoa Mod 

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User-Defined Class ES ™ A user-defined class is also called a user-defined type ede eros ™ A class encapsulates (wrap together) data and methods: Serr need Cee etree eee eee eee oo) 01 ‏ل‎ aed 

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Objects ™ An object has: ‏لل‎ 000 eens ee Ten aa tt) ™ For example, consider a coin ina computer game Sy er te te teed coat) Rd ea eed ded a ™ Note the interactions between state and behaviors ۱ ee ne ee 00 oa et een ee eee 

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اصول برنامه‌نویسی شی گرا بسته‌بندی (6۳۸6۵۵5۱۷۱۵]100) #اوراثت (ع6م3غ21عطم1) * ل نا 

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بسته‌بندی ‎(Encapsulation),‏ ‎ee Pee‏ 000 مخفى شود. 

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(Inheritance) sl), تس #دردنیای واقعی» ورافت به‌این معناست که یک شی وقتی متولد می‌شوده خصوصیات و ویژگی‌هایی را از والا خود به 0 ۳ ا ل ۱ مىشود و علاوه بر اين كه مىتوان از كدهاى قبلى استفاده ‎SCRN ECT)‏ ا ا لاك ‎ease‏ ا 00 

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Defining Classes # Use to add a new class to your project ™ A class contains and ypublic int x, y sprivate char ch ‏مب ‌هب‎ Member (data/method) Access ۱0۵56۲5 ee oo ay ‏تست‎ ‎* member is accecsible only 

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Data Declarations +۳ 6 ‏اا‎ 11 79 ™ You can define two types of variables in a class (called class variables) فرص 3 NS RA aN ee a ١ becouse euch iusteue (object) oP the class hos its pws copy SRN a eR a a Rad 

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Method Declarations ۲ ۵ ‏و وا روم اعد موی ون‎ caso SR eee ee a Cd سم مس سم «۶ ‏سین‎ ‎Se eee ere ee Sry hee the sxecram reer see thre kane Se ee ee ee cee) Se nea Oe nee eee ۱ ‏تم و‎ See keane ee ceed nel 

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ا ‎Ber) Far eee] Be bE‏ 210000 آنهاء ‎CL Sepa‏ ۱0 ندارد. به اين سازنده سازندةٌ يبيش فرض (1(6121111 5111101017) مى كويند. اكر در يك كلاسء سازندةً ييشفرض تعريف نشود. كاميايلر به طور خودكار أن را براى كلاس مذكور ايجاد م ىكند. 

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Example: Time1 class eo ۳ ۳ ‏ج‎ ‎™ We define the Timel class to represent time. ™ The state of a time object can be ۳۵۴۵۲۵5۹۵۸۲۵۵0 ۱: ee eee MS teeter ees nd ™ We might define the following methods: ۱ ‏ا‎ ‏لل نا‎ rT ‏ام م ا ا ا لل ال نا‎ لي يي با اس هت تما ی SET ‏ا‎ ee nee nnn nnn nee et ad Saeco he a SR gaa) 

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ee ۱۸/۸۵ US UL a رمع ری ومقون ECACC eC res tL) 0 ‏ا‎ 00 تا او 2 0 ‎private int second; // 0-59‏ eu ‏ل ا ا‎ Con) ۱/۸ ‏ال‎ LT 01 Sa8) 7 < ‏)عمتكعمد‎ 0, 0, 6 ( 1 ۱۸۸ ‏ها ات‎ ec aag ee ce a eC OC Oe Ce Pen ‏عساةلالممععد غمذ ,عساولاءغ متم غمة ,عن اولامسهط غمذ )عسذكععد هذه‎ ( 5 ‏بط‎ ora re 0 && hourValue < 24 ) ? hourValue minute = ( minuteValue >= 0 && minuteValue < 60 ) ? minuteValue : 0; second = ( secondValue >= 0 && secondValue < 60 ) ? secondValue : 0; 1 ا ا ل ات ل بن لل سا سا ا م ا ا 5 ام ده ام 5 18 19 20 0 22 23 3 25 26 

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// convert time to universal-time (24 hour) format string public string ToUniversalString() { return String. Format ( “{0:D2}:{1:D2}:{2:D2}", hour, minute, second ); // convert time to standard-time (12 hour) format string public string ToStandardString() { return String.Format( “{0}:{1:02}:{2:02} {3}", ( (hour == 12 || how ‏رو‎ ۶ 12 : ۱۵۵۳ ۶ 12 (, minute, second, ( hour < 12 ? "AM" : "PM" ) ); 3 } // end class Time1 

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// TimeTest1.cs // Demonstrating class Timel. ا ‎M ar ere‏ 0 ese) acme aise a ۳ ۸/۸ 0 i ۲1061 106001 - ‏ككاق ۸۸ ز()لعمذ؟ بهم‎ Reet mens tha // assign string representation of time to output Cire ae rest enh ie ee st ee timeObj1.ToUniversalString() + "\nInitial standard time is: " + ‏لت‎ See T0 عومنتاعء عهنا مناد امه // ‎timeObj1.SetTime( 13, 27, 6 );‏ Ae Ue ee ete ee ea Cite Ti aeRO ER Ter en St Oe Da eC Tb er time0bj1.ToUniversalString() + 

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1 DNC et ee SU CMCC ice t lO es ‏1ن‎ es Cee SC CMCC stron ‎ees ee oS ECS)‏ تسا ‎70000 ae) ‏ا ۱۳۸/۸ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Initial universal time is: 00:00:00 Initial standard time is: 12:00:00 AM ‎ ‎ ‎Universal time after SetTime i Standard time after SetTime is: ‎ ‎ ‎After attempting invalid settings: Universal time: 00:00:00 Standard time: 12:00:00 AM ‎0۲ it ‎ 

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Class View and Object Browser ™Class View and Object Browser are features of Visual Studio that facilitate the design of object- oriented applications =™Class View ‏ل‎ ‏م لم ا ا‎ 0 RRC ‏ا‎ cee) ۱ eee ee 

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Class View: Example an and Inte 

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ا لان 1 etre Ca A bee} eee Caos Tea eed ete Cae ea 0000 { arc a 0 public Time2( int hour ) { ‎ee Ee ey‏ )عسذتهد 1 ‎۱ Leah) ‏ز( 6 ,ععنمقم ,عسمط و‎ 1 ‎۱ ee Cae Oa ure ae cL 0 ‎bs ‏ات یت ‎ ‎| LaRue suas) 8 

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// TimeTest2.cs // Using overloaded constructors. using System; using System.Windows.Forms; // TimeTest2 demonstrates constructors of class Time2 class TimeTest2 time6; 00:00 00:00 34:00 25:42 00:00 25:42 // main entry point for application static void Main( ) Time2 timel, time2, time3, time4, time5, 00: 02: 21: 12: 00: 12: // 427 // // 2 // Time2(); Time2( 2 ); Time2( 21, 34 ); Time2( 12, 25, 42 ); Time2( 27, 74, 99 (۶ Time2( time4 ); new new new new new new timel = time2 time3 time4 = time5 time6 = { { سر یه نب چ و و اب و وا د م ما 8 

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Encapsulation: Two Views of an Object a ™You can take one of two views of an object: Sotercd - the structure oP its data, the dyoriheos ued nec ® extercd ‏ا‎ oP the objet wits viker port Ce aa 

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Encapsulation: An Object As a Black Box ™ From the external view, an object is an fae ree a ga KFT) ‏و‎ 56۲ ۴ services 0 ‏ا‎ ‎۱ ‏ل‎ Ot Ete ۱ aU es a kaenaas eld agar CL ad eee eee eer) 

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Accomplish Encapsulation: Access Modifiers أ آذآ ببس ااا ‎In C#, we accomplish encapsulation‏ = ‎through the appropriate use of access‏ 7002126۳5 " ‏0مسلاععا #© جه كة 7001116 و5وعءءءة مة‎ that specifies the accessibility of a method, data field, or class 00 ‏ل‎ eee eke eA h a) ® Op utldsnes te vier two wolPers (protected, internal) ‏دا‎ 

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The public and private Access Modifiers | ™ Classes (types) and members of a class that are declared with pubiic can be accessed from anywhere ™ Members of a type that are declared with »rivete can only be accessed from inside the class = Members of a class declared without an access modifier have default private | 

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// RestrictedAccess.cs // Demonstrate compiler errors from attempt to access // private class members. class RestrictedAccess { // main entry point for application static void Main( string{] args ) 4 Timel time = new Timel(); time.hour = 7; time.minute = 15; time.second = 30; ¥// end ct (1) سراي سه م هات ص فق ير ير يع بم يزب 

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پیاده‌سازی بسته‌بندی به عنوان یک قانون کلی» هیچ عضو داده‌ای به صورت 16 0۱00 تعریف نمی‌شود. "" از خصوصيات (1©5! ©1070 0) براى دسترسى به دادهها استفاده مى كنيم. اعضاي دادهاي به صورت جرهم و خصوصيات آنها به صورت عاطم تعريف ميشوند. ۱ 1 Dees enn 2 ‏ا‎ 

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Time2 time = new Time2(); time.Hour 15; time.Minute = 45; time.Second = 20; 

برنامه سازي پيشرفته 2 Object-Oriented Design  The focus of methods is on doing things; roughly speaking, we can say that methods focus on the verbs.  In object-oriented design, we focus on the nouns In object-oriented design, we tend to group methods together according to the nouns  Important for large, complex programs  User-Defined Class  A user-defined class is also called a user-defined type  class written by a programmer  A class encapsulates (wrap together) data and methods:   data members (member variables or instance variables) methods that manipulate data members Objects  An object has:  state - descriptive characteristics  behaviors - what it can do (or be done to it)  For example, consider a coin in a computer game   The state of the coin is its current face (head or tail) The behavior of the coin is that it can be flipped  Note the interactions between state and behaviors   the behavior of an object might change its state the behavior of an object might depend on its state تعاريف به دسته‌ها «کالس» ( )Classمي‌گويند. به نمونه‌هاي هر کالس «شي» ( )Objectمي‌گويند. مشخصات هر شي را «صفت» ( )Data Memberمي‌نامند. به رفتارهاي هر شي «متد» ( )Methodمي‌گويند. اصول برنامه‌نويسي شي‌گرا بسته‌بندي ()Encapsulation وراثت ()Inheritance چندريختي ()Polymorphism بسته‌بندي ()Encapsulation ‏يعني اين که داده‌هاي مرتبط ،با هم ترکيب شوند و جزييات پياده‌سازي مخفي شود. وراثت ()Inheritance در دنياي واقعي ،وراثت به اين معناست که يک شي وقتي متولد مي‌شود ،خصوصيات و ويژگي‌هايي را از والد خود به همراه دارد. امتياز وراثت در اين است که از کدهاي مشترک استفاده مي‌شود و عالوه بر اين که مي‌توان از کدهاي قبلي استفاده مجدد کرد ،در زمان نيز صرفه‌جويي شده و استحکام منطقي برنامه هم افزايش مي‌يابد. چندريختي ()Polymorphism که به آن چندشکلي هم مي‌گويند به معناي يک چيز بودن و چند شکل داشتن است .چندريختي بيشتر در وراثت معنا پيدا مي‌کند. Defining Classes  Use Project menu -> Add Class to add a new class to your project  A class contains data declarations and method declarations class MyClass ;public int x, y ;private char ch Data declarations Method declarations Member (data/method) Access Modifiers public : member is accessible outside the class Data Declarations  You can define two types of variables in a class (called class variables)  static class variables  nonstatic variables are called instance variables (fields) because each instance (object) of the class has its own copy  class variables can be accessed in all methods of the class Method Declarations  A class can define many types of methods:  Access methods : read or display data  Predicate methods : test the truth of conditions  Constructors  initialize objects of the class  they have the same name as the class  There may be more than one constructor per class (overloaded constructors)   can take arguments If a class has no constructor, a default constructor is provided  It has no code and takes no parameters  they do not return any value  it has no return type, not even void ي;;ک کالس مي‌توان;;د س;;ازنده‌هاي مختلف;;ي داشت;;ه باشد. س;;اده‌ترين آن‌ه;;ا ،س;;ازنده‌اي اس;;ت ک;;ه هي;;چ پارامتري ندارد .ب;ه اي;ن س;ازنده سازندۀ پيش‌فرض (Default )Constructorمي‌گويند. اگر در يک کالس ،سازندۀ پيش‌فرض تعريف نشود ،کامپايلر به طور خودکار آن را براي کالس مذکور ايجاد مي‌کند. Example: Time1 class  We define the Time1 class to represent time.  The state of a time object can be represented by:  hour, minute, second : integers representing time  We might define the following methods:  a Time1 constructor, to set up the object  a SetTime method, to set time  a ToUniversalString method, to convert the internal representation to a string representing the time in 24 hour format  a ToStandardString method, to convert the internal representation to a string representing the time in 12 hour format 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 // Time1.cs // Class Time1 maintains time in 24-hour format. using System; // Time1 class definition public class Time1 { private int hour; // 0-23 private int minute; // 0-59 private int second; // 0-59 // Time1 constructor initializes instance variables to // zero to set default time to midnight public Time1() سازنده پيش فرض { )Default Constructor( SetTime( 0, 0, 0 ); } // Set new time value in 24-hour format. Perform validity // checks on the data. Set invalid values to zero. public void SetTime( int hourValue, int minuteValue, int secondValue { hour = ( hourValue >= 0 && hourValue < 24 ) ? hourValue : minute = ( minuteValue >= 0 && minuteValue < 60 ) ? minuteValue : second = ( secondValue >= 0 && secondValue < 60 ) ? secondValue : ) 0; 0; 0; 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 // convert time to universal-time (24 hour) format string public string ToUniversalString() { return String.Format( "{0:D2}:{1:D2}:{2:D2}", hour, minute, second ); } // convert time to standard-time (12 hour) format string public string ToStandardString() { return String.Format( "{0}:{1:D2}:{2:D2} {3}", ( ( hour == 12 || hour == 0 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ), minute, second, ( hour < 12 ? "AM" : "PM" ) ); } } // end class Time1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 // TimeTest1.cs // Demonstrating class Time1. using System; using System.Windows.Forms; // TimeTest1 uses creates and uses a Time1 object class TimeTest1 براي ايجاد شي از عملگر { . استفاده مي‌شودnew // main entry point for application static void Main( ) { با ايجاد شي تابع سازنده Time1 timeObj1 = new Time1(); // calls Time1.‌شود constructor فراخواني مي string output; // assign string representation of time to output output = "Initial universal time is: " + timeObj1.ToUniversalString() + "\nInitial standard time is: " + timeObj1.ToStandardString(); // attempt valid time settings timeObj1.SetTime( 13, 27, 6 ); // append new string representations of time to output output += "\n\nUniversal time after SetTime is: " + timeObj1.ToUniversalString() + "\nStandard time after SetTime is: " + 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 output += "\n\nAfter attempting invalid settings: " + "\nUniversal time: " + time.ToUniversalString() + "\nStandard time: " + time.ToStandardString(); MessageBox.Show( output, "Testing Class Time1" ); } // end method Main } // end class TimeTest1 Class View and Object Browser  Class View and Object Browser are features of Visual Studio that facilitate the design of objectoriented applications  Class View      Displays variables and methods for all classes in a project Displays as treeview hierarchical structure + at nodes allows nodes to be expanded - at nodes allows nodes to be collapsed Can be seen by selecting View < Class View Class View: Example public class Time2 { private int hour; private int minute; private int second; // 0-23 // 0-59 // 0-59 public Time2() { SetTime( 0, 0, 0 ); } public Time2( int hour ) { SetTime( hour, 0, 0 ); } public Time2( int hour, int minute ) { SetTime( hour, minute, 0 ); } public Time2( int hour, int minute, int second ) { SetTime( hour, minute, second ); } public Time2( Time2 time ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 // TimeTest2.cs // Using overloaded constructors. using System; using System.Windows.Forms; // TimeTest2 demonstrates constructors of class Time2 class TimeTest2 { // main entry point for application static void Main( ) { Time2 time1, time2, time3, time4, time5, time6; time1 time2 time3 time4 time5 time6 = = = = = = new new new new new new Time2(); Time2( 2 ); Time2( 21, 34 ); Time2( 12, 25, 42 ); Time2( 27, 74, 99 ); Time2( time4 ); // // // // // // 00:00:00 02:00:00 21:34:00 12:25:42 00:00:00 12:25:42 Encapsulation: Two Views of an Object  You can take one of two views of an object:  internal - the structure of its data, the algorithms used by its methods  external - the interaction of the object with other part of the world Encapsulation: An Object As a Black Box  From the external view, an object is an encapsulated entity, providing a set of specific services    These services define the interface to the object An encapsulated object can be thought of as a black box The user, or client, of an object can request its services, but it should not have to be aware of how those services are accomplished Client Methods Data Accomplish Encapsulation: Access Modifiers  In C#, we accomplish encapsulation through the appropriate use of access modifiers  An access modifier is a C# keyword that specifies the accessibility of a method, data field, or class  We will discuss two access modifiers: public, private  We will discuss the other two modifiers (protected, internal) later The public and private Access Modifiers  Classes (types) and members of a class that are declared with public can be accessed from anywhere  Members of a type that are declared with private can only be accessed from inside the class  Members of a class declared without an access modifier have default private accessibility 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 // RestrictedAccess.cs // Demonstrate compiler errors from attempt to access // private class members. class RestrictedAccess { // main entry point for application static void Main( string[] args ) { Time1 time = new Time1(); time.hour = 7; time.minute = 15; time.second = 30; } } // end class RestrictedAccess پياده‌سازي بسته‌بندي به عنوان يك قانون كلي ،هيچ عضو داده‌اي به صورت public تعريف نمي‌شود. از خصوصيات ( )properiesبراي دسترسي به داده‌ها استفاده مي‌كنيم. ‏ اعضاي داده‌اي به صورت privateو خصوصيات آنها به صورت publicتعريف مي‌شوند. خصوصيات دو methodدارند : : get دسترسيبJJJراJيخJواJندناJعضايداده‌JاJي : set دسترسيبJJJراJينJJوشتد اJعضايداده‌JاJي Time2 پياده‌سازي سه خصوصيت براي كالس // property Hour public int Hour { get { return hour; } set { hour = ( ( value >= 0 && value < 24 ) ? value : 0 ); } } // end property Hour // property Minute public int Minute { get { return minute; } set { minute = ( ( value >= 0 && value < 60 ) ? value : 0 ); } } // end property Minute // property Second public int Second { get { return second; } set { second = ( ( value >= 0 && value < 60 ) ? value : 0 ); } } // end property Second Time2 time time.Hour time.Minute time.Second ... = = = = new Time2(); 15; 45; 20;