حس و راه های حسی

صفحه 1:


صفحه 2:


صفحه 3:
در اين سمينار ما به نتايج زير دست بيدا ميكنيم تعریفک لواز حسرو رلههای‌حسی Sensory Alterations )معرفیب کبس یمای 00516 وک 101 ) (T=5) (T=10m) (T=10m) سس 

صفحه 4:
تعریف کلی از حس و راههای حسی تجربه به حسی چیست؟ دریافتجسی-1 فرايند دريافت اطلاعات از محيت بيرونى يا درونى رادريافت حسى گویند اذرلكحسج2 يك فرايند هوشيارانه در انتخاب سازماندهيو تفسيراطلاعات از حسها به اطلاعات معنى دار ميباشد 

صفحه 5:
دریافت حسی دریافت حسی توسط گيرنده ها انجام میگیرد تقو پذیری گیرنده غشانی انتتا که امکان انتشار کمابیش بونها از غشا و در نتیجه تغییر پتانسیل غشایی را فراهم میکند 

صفحه 6:
‎Primary somatic‏ حب ‎ ‎@ Olfactory pathways from ‎the nose project through ‎the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex. ‎© ost sensory pathways ‎project to the thalamus. The thalamus modifies and relays information to cortical centers. ‎© Equilibrium pathways ‎project to the cerebellum. ‎ ‎ ‎cent © 207 Peron Edo, pig aren rigs Fig. 10-4 ‎ 

صفحه 7:
Sensory Alterations » Achange in environment can lead to MORE or LESS normal stimuli. » When stimuli is different from what one is used to it leads to sensory alterations. » Hospitalized patients will experience sensory alterations due to different stimuli loads. » Can result in sensory overload or sensory deprivation 

صفحه 8:
Sensory Overload * Results from being unable to manage sensory stimuli: (too much stimuli) » Pain, dyspnea, anxiety (internal) * Noise,, contact with many strangers (external) * Inability to disregard stimuli: for example meds that stimulate the arousal mechanism, may prevent ‘om ignoring noise 

صفحه 9:
Assessment: Sensory Overload * Unrealistic perceptions * .05,sdisoriented, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension * Reduced problem-solving ability پراکندگی حواس ۲ 

صفحه 10:
Sensory Deprivation » Results from decreased sensory input or meaningless input: (too little stimuli) *Isolation/non-stimulating monotonous environment * Impaired ability to receive and/or send stimuli: vision, hearing deficits, speech deficits ( expressive or receptive aphasia) Inability to cognitively process stimuli-confused, brain injury, s affecting CNS 

صفحه 11:
Sensory Deficits » Impaired reception, perception or both of the senses » Blindness, deafness, loss of taste, smell, touch » One sense may become mo compensate for deficit 

صفحه 12:
Assessing: Sensory Deprivation » Drowsiness/sleeping/yawning » Decreased attention, difficulty concentrating, impaired memory * Disorientation, confusion, i i needs stimulus; body ma. hallucinations need: Jus; body may produce hallucinations to maintain optimal arousal » Crying, annoyance over small matters, depression » Apathy, daydreaming, anger 

صفحه 13:
Risk Factors for Sensory Perception Dysfunction in the Healthcare Environment Sensory Overload » Room close to nurse's station » ICU or intermediate unit * Bright lights » Use of mechanical ventilator * Use of ECG monitor » Use of oxygen * Use of IVs » Other equipment » Frequent treatments 

صفحه 14:
Risk Factors for Sensoyr Perception Dysfunction in the Healthcare Environment Sensory Deprivation » Private room » Eyes bandaged * Bed rest » Sensory aid not available (hearing aid, glasses) * Isolation precautions » Few visitors 

صفحه 15:
NURSING DIAGNOSIS » Disturbed sensory perception » Social Isolation » Situational low self-esteem » Disturbed thought processes 

صفحه 16:
تشخیصهای پرستاری در اختلالات حسی (مثال) لامسه ای * من به لمس حساسیت زیادی دارم حتی سنگینی لباسهایم روی پوستم مرا اذیت میکند من سعی میکنم بدنم را هر مقدار که میتوانم “ کم حرکت دهم ولی حتی وزش نسیم هم به من غير ممكن است * محرومیت حسی * اینجا در بیمارستان من فکر میکنم در حال دیوانه شدن هستم به ساعت دیواری که نگاه میکنم تبدیل به یک خورشید چرخان با صورتی غمگین میشود که به من نزدیک شده و من از اینکه خیلی نزدیک شود هراس دارم 

صفحه 17:
PLANNING ۶ Client will: Demonstrate understanding by a verbal, written, or signed response (sensory pericit) » Client will: Demonstrate relaxed body movements and facial expressions (sensory overtoap) ۶ Client will: Remain free from injury 

صفحه 18:
Interventions: Sensory Deprivation » Prevent sensory alteration » Teach self stimulation methods- reading, etc. » Provide stimulation - visual, auditory, gustatory, tactile * Provide reality orientation 

صفحه 19:
ICU psychosis syndrome 

صفحه 20:
What is ICU psychosis? ۲ ICU psychosis is ICU syndrome. * ICU psychosis is also a form of delirium, or acute mentale failure. How long does ICU psychosis last? » it may last 24 hours or even up to two weeks with fluctuations of the level of consciousness and behavior patterns. 

صفحه 21:
Causes of psychological problems * Sudden and unexpected nature of events » Pain » ICU environmen * Other factors .The loss of control over their lives that patients often feel in an ICU. 

صفحه 22:
What causes ICU psychosis? Environmental Causes » Sensory deprivation (being put in a room often without windows, away from family, friends and all that is familiar) Sensory overload (being tethered to noisy machines day and night) Sleep disturbance and deprivation Continuous light levels Stress Lack of orientation Medical monitoring 2 

صفحه 23:
What causes ICU psychosis? * Medical Causes ٠ Pain (which may not be adequately controlled in an ICU) * Critical illness: The pathophysiology of the disease, illness or traumatic event - the stress on the body during an illness can cause a variety of symptoms. » Medication (drug) reaction or side effects: Infection creating fever and toxins in the body. 

صفحه 24:
What causes ICU psychosis? * Medical Causes * Metabolic disturbances: electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia oe ood oxygen levels), and élevated liver enzymes. * Heart failure (inadequate cardiac output) ۲ Cumulative analgesia (the inability to feel pain while still conscious) * Dehydration 

صفحه 25:
Symptoms of ICU psychosis extreme excitement anxiety restlessness hearing voices clouding of consciousness hallucinations nightmares * paranoia disorientation agitation delusions abnormal behavior 3 25 

صفحه 26:
Interventions to prevent psychological problems » Pain control [] analgesic drugs » Family support » Day-awake, night-asleep » Removing many wires and tubes » Constant and monotonus sounds 

صفحه 27:
Interventions to prevent psychological problems * 2 clock, calendar and outside window visible to the patients to help with orientation * Personally familiar beside objects such as 0 or family photographs. * Use spectacles or hearing aids. Such as radio or television sets to provide meaningful sensory stimuli 

صفحه 28:
References * Fundamentals of nursing TAYLOR 2005 * Guyton&hall . Medical physiology 11 TH edition 2006 * Searching of elsevier and other databace 

صفحه 29:
THANK YOU for your attention 

صفحه 30: