رویکرد نقد ادبی در ادبیات انگلیسی (Moral and Philosophical Approaches)
اسلاید 1: Moral and Philosophical Approaches
اسلاید 2: General ObservationsThe moral-philosophical approach is as old as classical Greek and Roman critics. Some moral-philosophical criticsPlato, emphasized moralism and utilitarianismHorace stressed that literature should be delightful and instructivemost famous exemplars are the commentators of the age of neoclassicism in English literature (1660-1800), particularly Samuel Johnson. They would interpret literature within a context of the philosophical thought of a period or group.From their point of view Jean- Paul Sartre and Albert Camus can be read profitably only if one understands existentialism. Popes Essay on Man may be grasped only if one understands the meaning and the role of reason in eighteenth century thought.
اسلاید 3: Henry Fieldings Tom Jones, illustrates the moral superiority of a hot-blooded young man like Tom, whose sexual indulgences are decidedly atoned for by his humanitarianism, tenderheartedness and instinctive honor Hawthornes Scarlet Letter is likewise seen essentially as a study of the effects of secret sin on a human soulRobert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening suggests that duty and responsibility take precedence over beauty and pleasure.Matthew Arnold, the Victorian critic, who insisted that a great literary work must possess high seriousness. The important thing is the moral or philosophical teaching.The critic who employs the moral-philosophical approach insists on ascertaining and stating what is taught. Such approaches are less likely to err on the side of over interpretation than are more esoteric methods.
اسلاید 4: A dull, pedestrian, uniformly literal approach to literary analysis is the antithesis of the informed, imaginative, and creative approachDaring, inventive readings of metaphorical language must have defensible rationales if they are to be truly insightful and convincing.the traditional approach to literary analysis has tended to be somewhat deficient in imaginationthe traditional approach to literary analysis has neglected the newer sciences, such as psychology and anthropologythe traditional approach to literary analysis has been too content with a commonsense interpretation of material. the traditional approach to literary analysis has in avoiding cultism and faddism, it has preserved scholarly discipline and balance in literary criticism. Readers who intend to employ the traditional approaches to a literary work will almost certainly employ them simultaneously.
اسلاید 5: MORAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES IN PRACTICETo His Coy MistressAn examination of what Coy Mistress propounds morally and philosophically reveals the common theme of carpe diemThis type of poetry naturally exhibits certain fundamental moral attitudes toward the main issue this poem treats-sex.They depict sexual intercourse as strictly dalliance , as solely a means of deriving physical sensations. One more aspect of the historical background of the composition of the poem may be helpful in understanding its paradoxically hedonistic and pessimistic stance. The seventeenth century, it should be remembered, was not only a period of intense religious and political struggle, but a period of revolutionary scientific and philosophical thought.
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