مکتب های ادبی ( Greek Drama )

مکتب های ادبی ( Greek Drama )

اسلاید 1: Greek Drama

اسلاید 2: The art of drama developed in the ancient Greek city-state of Athens in the late sixth century BC From the religious chants honoring Dionysus arose the first tragedies, which centered on the gods and Greece’s mythical pastIn the fifth century BC, Greek audiences enjoyed the works of four master playwrights ;Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were tragediansThe early works focused on the good and evil that exists simultaneously in the world as well as the contradictory forces of human nature and the outside worldAeschylus, whose Oresteia trilogy examines the common tragic themes of vengeance and justice, brought tragedy to the level of serious literatureOf the scores of plays Sophocles wrote, only seven survive into modern times, and of these, the greatest one is Oedipus the King

اسلاید 3: The last great tragedian, Euripides, questioned traditional values and the ultimate power of the godsIn his Medea, Euripides explores the choices that humans make under difficult situationsBoth Sophocles and Euripides wrote plays about Antigone; the one by Sophocles survives; the one by Euripides survives only as a fragment C. M. Bowra pointed out in his book Classical Greece that ‘‘Greek tragedy provides no explicit answers for the sufferings of humanity, but it . . . shows how they happen and how they may be borne.’’The myth of Orestes, as seen in Aeschylus’s Oresteia trilogy and Euripides’s Orestes introduces other major themes in Greek tragedy, namely justice (divine, personal, and communal) and vengeanceComedy most likely also developed out of the same religious rituals as tragedy

اسلاید 4: Aristophanes used biting satire in plays such as The Birds and Lysistrata to ridicule prominent Athenian figures and current eventsLater comedy relied less on satire and mythology and more on human relations among the Greek common people.Greek drama, with its universal themes and situations, continues to be relevant for modern audiences.

اسلاید 5: REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORSAeschylus (c. 525 BC–c. 456 BC)Aeschylus was the earliest of the best-known ancient Greek tragic dramatistsHe lifted the dramatic presentations from a choral performance to a work of artHe also added a second actor on stage, allowing for dialogue, and reduced the number of the chorus from about fifty to about fifteenWith Aeschylus, tragic drama was presented through action, not through recitatio