مکتب های ادبی ( Neoclassicism )

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Neoclassicism 

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Neoclassicism * Neoclassicism was a movement whose artists looked to the classical texts for their creative inspiration in an effort to imitate classical form. * Neoclassicism refers strictly the specific literary periods in history that produced art inspired by the ancients, which of course, excludes the ancients themselves * the Neoclassical Age is typically divided into three periods: the Restoration Age (1660-1700), the Augustan Age (1700-1750), and the Age of Johnson (1750-1798). * In contrast to Renaissance, neoclassicists saw humans as being limited in potential and imperfect in form. * Neoclassicists distrusted innovation and invention and believed in exercising restraint in personal expression 

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REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS Daniel Defoe (c. 1660-1731) produced his most important works during the Augustan Age He is also among those responsible for the creation of the English novel he worked as a journalist, pamphleteer, and essayist, writing as a social commentator for the merchant class Scholars estimate that Defoe’s birth occurred sometime in 1660 Defoe participated in several rebellions, and, after a show of support during the Glorious Revolution, was honored with several positions, serving William of Orange from 1689 to 1702. 

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Proposals for the Establishment of the Church, a satire written in support of religious freedom, that earned him fame in 1702. A Review of the Affairs of France, with Observations on Transactions at Home, was a tri-weekly journal Defoe created in 1704 his first novel was The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York Mariner published in 1719 Another works: Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, and Roxana Defoe died April 26, 1731, in Moorfields, London, England 

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John Dryden (1631-1700) * He produced a wide variety of literature, including satires, comedies, tragedies, lyric poetry, farces, translations, literary criticism, political poetry, and essays. + He was well schooled in the classics, first attending Westminster School and then Trinity College, Cambridge, starting in 1650. ٠ His first poem of any significance, a reaction to Cromwell's death, was ‘‘Heroique Stanzas to the Glorious Memory ۶ ۳ (1659). + his first lengthy poetic work was ‘‘Annus Mirabilis.” The poem consisted of 304 quatrains documenting English history, covering a recent war, the plague, and the Great Fire of London ٠ his first notable satire was Mac Flecknoe, published in 1682 

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Some of his plays: The Wild Gallant, The Rival Ladies, The Indian- Queen, The Indian Emperour He wrote a work of criticism Of Dramatick Poesie: An Essay, published in 1668 Other works of criticism were published: in 1668, A Defence of an Essay of Dramatick Poesie, and in 1672, Of Heroique Playes. He produced some of his finest poetry, including ‘‘To the Memory of Mr. Oldham” in 1684, and pieces that experimented with the beast fable On May 12, 1700, he died and was buried in Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey. 

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Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) Johnson was a man of many talents, including those of lexicographer, translator, journalist/essayist, travel writer, biographer, editor, and critic. The first poem Johnson wrote was ‘‘On a Daffodil, the First Flower the Author Had Seen That Year” in 1724. Mostly at Stourbridge he translated classical works, for example, the Iliad. His first attempt at writing professionally came when he moved to London in 1737 in an effort to complete and promote his blank- verse tragedy Irene Johnson chose the Latin poet Juvenal and imitated his Satura III, writing on urban life in London 

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He published One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight he did revise several poems, including ‘‘The Young Author,” ‘‘Ode to Friendship,” and ‘To Laura,” which were published in the magazine in 1743 along with Latin translations such as The Vanity of the Human Wishes and Satura X. Johnson earned an honorary M.A. at Oxford (1755) for his Dictionary of English Language By the time of his death, on December 13, 1784, Johnson had earned his place in Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey, near the foot of Shakespeare’s monument 

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۲۷۱6 ۲6 )1622-1673( + In 1643, Molie’ re took up a career in the theater + Molie* re served as actor lawyer, and playwright for the troupe. + He was most famous for his farces although he preferred tragedies. Tartuffe, first staged in 1664, was one of his most controversial plays because it mocked high society ٠ He died on February 17, 1673, in Paris from tuberculosis after just finishing a performance of his play, The Hypochondriac 

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Alexander Pope (1688- 1744) + Pope attended school in secret * Pope published his first poems in 1711 to great acclaim + He became friends with writers such as Jonathan Swift and Richard Steele. * Pope’s popular poem The Rape of the Lock was published in its entirety in 1714 + He died on May 30, 1744, in London. 

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REPRESENTATIVE WORKS > Of Dramatick Poesie: An » The Rape of the Essay Lock > Gulliver's Travels » London » Robinson Crusoe 

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THEMES Intellectuals and Intellectualism + Devotion to the exercise or application of the intellect was important to the neoclassical writer. + Writers such as Dryden, Johnson, and Pope, used to this theme + In addition, these writers commented on a wide range of topics— political, historical, and social—demonstrating a wealth of civic knowledge. 

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Social Protest + Neoclassical writers repeatedly challenged the establishment, resorting to their own form of social protest, the written word expressed as satire, to inform, educate, and incite public outrage. ٠ In response to Walpole’s flagrant abuse of power, the two popular political parties of the time, the Tories and the Whigs, formed a loose alliance against Walpole. + Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay, and Henry Fielding, and the Whig writer James Thomson were Tory writers 

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Imitation * The neoclassicists sought to imitate the classics, looking to the poetic conventions, the dramatic theories, as well as the rhetorical skills of the classicists as models An imitation is a translation by which the translator takes certain artistic liberty with a classical work in an effort to produce a work that has contemporary relevance Samuel Johnson was an imitator and chose the Latin poet Juvenal, imitating his Satura III, to express himself on urban life in London 

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STYLE Allegory * Anallegory is a narrative form in which symbolic characters or actions are used to convey a message or teach a lesson ٠ Typically used to teach moral, ethical, or religious ideals, it was also used for political purposes. ٠ Gulliver's Travels is an example of Allegory 

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Didactic This term describes works of literature that aim to teach some moral, religious, political, or practical lesson. The term usually refers to literature in which the message is more important than the form. Robinson Crusoe is an example of Didactic 

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Blank Verse + Blank verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter (composed of lines of five two-syllable feet, or sets, with the first syllable unaccented and the second accented) + Blank verse has traditionally been a popular form, aptly suited to the natural cadence of English. * Shakespeare's plays, Milton’s Paradise Lost, Dryden’s All for Love are examples of Blank Verse 

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Mock Epic + This genre was a suitable form for neoclassicists who wanted to scorn contemporary subjects by belittling them with bombast + Pope, Swift, Dryden, Richardson, and others used mock epic to satirize social and political excesses of their age + The poem relates the story of a national hero, a mythic or historical figure of great cultural importance. + The poem relates the story of a national hero, a mythic or historical figure of great cultural importance. + The setting is vast, and often there is some sort of divine intervention in human events. The hero has supernatural abilities and may visit the underworld to speak to other heroes now dead. + The Rape of the Lock is an example of mock eic