(Anatomy and Physiology (Chapter 15 Special Senses: The ear and eye
اسلاید 1: 15-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth EditionLecturer: Dr. D. FisherCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.Chapter 15Special Senses:The ear and eye
اسلاید 2: 15-2The EarExternal ear: Hearing; terminates at eardrumMiddle ear: Hearing; contains auditory ossiclesInner ear: Hearing and balance; interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chambers
اسلاید 3: 15-3The EarExternal earAuricle or pinna: elastic cartilageExternal auditory meatusLined with hairs and ceruminous glandsTympanic membrane Vibrated by sound wavesMiddle earAuditory or eustachian tubeOpens into pharynx, equalizes pressureOssicles: malleus, incus, stapes: transmit vibrationsOval window
اسلاید 4: 15-4Inner EarLabyrinthBonyCochlea: HearingVestibule: BalanceSemicircular canals: Balance Membranous-LymphsEndolymphIn membranous labyrinthPerilymphSpace between membranous and bony labyrinth
اسلاید 5: 15-5Structure of Cochlea
اسلاید 6: 15-6Auditory FunctionVibrations produce sound wavesVolume or loudness : Function of wave amplitudePitch: Function of wave frequencyTimbre: Resonance quality or overtones of sound
اسلاید 7: 15-7Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures
اسلاید 8: 15-8CNS Pathways for Hearing
اسلاید 9: 15-9BalanceStaticEvaluates position of head relative to gravityDetects linear acceleration and decelerationUtricle and sacculeMaculae: Consist of hairs embedded in gelatinous mass containing otolithsKineticEvaluates movements of head3 semicircular canalsAmpullaCrista ampullarisCupula: endolymph moves when head moves
اسلاید 10: 15-10Structure of the Macula
اسلاید 11: 15-11Vestibule in Maintaining Balance
اسلاید 12: 15-12Semicircular Canals
اسلاید 13: 15-13CNS Pathways for Balance
اسلاید 14: 15-14Ear DisordersTinnitusRinging, clicking, whistling in ear due to disorders in middle or inner earMotion sicknessDysfunctions caused by stimulation of semicircular canals during motionOtitis MediaInfections in the middle earEaracheResults from otitis media, dental abscesses, TMJ pain
اسلاید 15: 15-15Anatomy of the EyeThree coats or tunicsFibrous: Consists of sclera and corneaVascular: Consists of choroid, ciliary body, irisNervous: Consists of retina
اسلاید 16: 15-16Anatomy of the EyeFibrous tunic: OuterSclera: White outer layer, maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with corneaCornea: Avascular, transparent, allows light to enter eye and bends and refracts lightVascular tunic: MiddleIris: Controls light entering pupil; smooth muscleCiliary muscles: Control lens shape; smooth muscleRetina: InnerContains neurons sensitive to lightMacula lutea or fovea centralis: Area of greatest visual acuityOptic disc: Blind spotCompartmentsAnterior: Aqueous humorPosterior: Vitreous humorLensHeld by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary musclesTransparent, biconvex
اسلاید 17: 15-17Functions of the Complete EyeEye functions like a cameraIris allows light into eyeLens, cornea, humors focus light onto retinaLight striking retina is converted into action potentials relayed to brain
اسلاید 18: 15-18LightVisible light: Portion of electromagnetic spectrum detected by human eyeRefraction: Bending of lightDivergence: Light striking a concave surfaceConvergence: Light striking a convex surfaceFocal point: Point where light rays converge and cross
اسلاید 19: 15-19Focus and AccommodationEmmetropia: Normal resting condition of lensFar vision: 20 feet or more from eyeNear vision: Closer than 20 feetAccommodation Pupil constrictionConvergence
اسلاید 20: 15-20The RetinaProvides black backdrop for increasing visual acuitySensory retina and pigmented retinaPhotoreceptorsRods: Noncolor visionRhodopsin reduction: Light adaptationRhodopsin production: Dark adaptationCones: Color vision
اسلاید 21: 15-21Sensory Receptor Cells
اسلاید 22: 15-22Rhodopsin Cycle
اسلاید 23: 15-23Rod Cell Hyperpolarization
اسلاید 24: 15-24Visual Pathways
اسلاید 25: 15-25Eye DisordersMyopia: NearsightednessFocal point too near lens, image focused in front of retinaHyperopia: FarsightednessImage focused behind retinaPresbyopiaDegeneration of accommodation, corrected by reading glassesAstigmatism: Cornea or lens not uniformly curvedStrabismus: Lack of parallelism of light paths through eyesRetinal detachmentCan result in complete blindnessGlaucomaIncreased intraocular pressure by aqueous humor buildupCataractClouding of lensMacular degenerationCommon in older people, loss in acute visionDiabetesDysfunction of peripheral circulation
اسلاید 26: 15-26Effects of Aging on the Special SensesSlight loss in ability to detect odorsDecreased sense of tasteLenses of eyes lose flexibilityDevelopment of cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathyDecline in visual acuity and color perceptio
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