Characteristics of popular culture
اسلاید 1: Characteristics of popular culture Constantly changingBased in large, heterogeneous groups of peopleBased mainly in urban areasMaterial goods mass-produced by machines in factoriesPrevailing money economy
اسلاید 2: Recreation and clothing
اسلاید 3: Characteristics of popular culture More numerous individual relationships, but less personalWeaker family structureDistinct division of labor with highly specialized professions and jobsConsiderable leisure time available to most peoplePolice, army, and courts take the place of family and church in maintaining order
اسلاید 4: Leisure time
اسلاید 5: Popular cultureIf a single hallmark of popular culture exists, it is change Words such as growth, progress, fad, and trend crop up frequently in newspapers and conversationsSome people unable to cope with fast changeChange can lead to insecurity expressed in the term future shockVast majority of people in developed countries belong to the popular culture
اسلاید 6: Popular cultureIf a single hallmark of popular culture exists, it is change Contributions to the spread of popular cultureIndustrializationUrbanizationRise of formal educationResultant increase in leisure timeAll the reasons popular culture spread caused folk culture to retreat
اسلاید 7: Placelessness: Anywhere USAWithout the sign, we would not know if these were houses, apartments, or condos. Their style is no style; a sense of sameness pervades.Nothing sets these structures apart as being in a particular place; this is placelessness.
اسلاید 8: Placelessness: Anywhere USAIn fact, the complex is in suburban Columbus, Ohio otherwise known as “Test Market USA.”Because the demographic character of Columbus offers a representative cross section of American society, it is an appropriate place to try out new products. Most fast food menus are tested here.
اسلاید 9: Popular cultureIf a single hallmark of popular culture exists, it is change We and our recent ancestors embraced the free, open, dynamic life-style offered by popular cultureScience challenged religion for dominance in our daily livesWe profited greatly in material terms through this transitionIn reality, all culture presents a continuum on which popular and folk represent extreme forms
اسلاید 10: Popular cultureIf a single hallmark of popular culture exists, it is change Many graduations between the two are possibleDisadvantages become apparent as one moves toward the popular end of the continuumWe forfeited much in discarding folkwaysPopular culture is not superiorWe weaken both family structure and interpersonal relationshipsTne prominent cultural geographer has said of popular culture “only two (things) would I dislike to give up: inside plumbing and medical advances.”
اسلاید 11: Popular culturePopular Culture RegionsDiffusion in Popular CultureThe Ecology of Popular CultureCultural Integration in Popular CultureLandscapes of Popular Culture
اسلاید 12: Placelessness or clustering?Superficially, popular culture appears to vary less areally than folk cultureCanadian geographer Edward Relph’s proposalPopular culture produces a profound placelessnessA spatial standardization that diminishes cultural varietyDemeans the human spiritJames Kunstler speaks of “geography of nowhere” in describing AmericaOne place become much like another, robbed of its geographical essencePervasive influence of a continental or worldwide popular culture
اسلاید 13: McDonald’s in Tokyo
اسلاید 14: Wendy’s in Idaho
اسلاید 15: Pampas Grill in Finland
اسلاید 16: Placelessness or clustering?Folk cultures, rich in uniqueness, appear to make the geographical face of popular culture seem expressionless Michael Weiss argues that “American society has become increasing fragmented”
اسلاید 17: Cappadocia province, Turkey
اسلاید 18: Placelessness or clustering?Jonathan Robbin identifies 40 “life-style clusters” based on postal ZIP codesSays the ZIP codes can tell him what people eat, drink, drive—even thinkEach life-style cluster is a formal region with a colorful name, for example:“Gray Power”—upper middle-class retirement areas“Old Yankee Rows”—blue- and white-collar older ethnic neighborhoods of the NortheastNorma Rae-Vile—lower- and middle-class southern mill towns
اسلاید 19: Lifestyle clusters
اسلاید 20: Placelessness or clustering?Old Yankee Rowers” typically have a high school educationLike bowling and ice hockeyThree times as likely to live in rowhouses or duplexesResidents of Norma Rae-VileMostly nonunion factory workersHave trouble making ends meetConsume twice as much canned stew as the national average
اسلاید 21: Placelessness or clustering?The above examples are to make a pointA whole panoply of popular subcultures exists in America and the worldEach possesses its own belief system, spokespeople, dress code, and lifestylePopular culture creates new placesPaul Adams sees television as being a gathering placeSocial space where members of a household and their friends assemble
اسلاید 22: Placelessness or clustering?Television has become to popular culture, worldwide, what fire and hearth were to folk cultureMust remember region and place exist from micro to macro scales
اسلاید 23: Cyberspace Perhaps the personal computer and Internet access have created another new type of placeCertain words we use imply it has a geography—”Cyberspace”The information superhighway connects not two points, but all points, creating a new sort of place
اسلاید 24: Cyberspace Does cyberspace contain a geography at all?Place, as understood by geographers, cannot be created on the net“Virtual places” lack a cultural landscape and a cultural ecologyHuman diversity is poorly portrayed in cyberspaceOld people, poor people, the illiterate, and the continent of Africa are not representedOn the net, users end up “meeting” people like themselvesThe breath and spirit of place cannot exist in cyberspaceThese are not real places and never can be
اسلاید 25: Cyberspace Still, cyberspace possesses some geographical qualitiesEnhances opportunities for communication over long distancesAllows access to rare data banksEncourages and speeds cultural diffusionThe Internet helps heighten regional contrastsUneven spatial distribution of Internet connections creates a new way people differ
اسلاید 26: Internet Connections
اسلاید 27: Food and drink What we eat and drink differs markedly from one part of the country and world to anotherDifference in alcoholic drink consumption in the United StatesBeer has highest per capita consumption levels in the WestLeast beer is sold in the Lower South and Utah Corn whiskey, both legal and illegal, has been a traditional southern beverageCalifornians place more importance on wine
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اسلاید 29: Kitsch Architecture: Lacross, WisconsinKitsch – trivial, showy, designed for mass consumption – it is increasingly common in placeless landscapes.Much kitsch in North American and Australia is characterized by gigantismThis is purported to be the world’s largest six-pack.
اسلاید 30: Kitsch Architecture: Lacross, WisconsinGottlieb Heileman, a German immigrant, founded his brewery in 1870 and this region has one of the highest per capita beer consumption figures in the nation.
اسلاید 31: Food and drink Foods vary across North AmericaIn the South, barbecued pork and beef, fried chicken, and hamburgers have greater than average popularityMore pizza is consumed in the NorthFocus of Italian immigrationPizza diffused to the southern states only in the mid-1950s
اسلاید 32: Food and drink Importance of fast food restaurants varies greatly within the United StatesStronghold is in the South — 57 percent in MississippiNortheast has lowest rate of such eateries —27 percent in New York and VermontWe should not expect geographical uniformity within popular culturePlacelessness has been overstated
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اسلاید 34: Popular music The many difference styles of popular music all reveal geographic patterning in levels of acceptancePop musicians can receive adulation of a magnitude reserved for deities in folk cultureElvis Presley, a generation after his death retains an important place in American popular cultureIllustrates the vivid geography of the cultureSale of memorabilia reveals a split personalityHotbeds of Elvis worship lie in eastern statesElvis largely forgotten out West
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اسلاید 36: SportsAbundant leisure time has allowed North Americans to devote time watching or participating in sportsFew aspects of popular culture are as widely publicized as our games, both amateur and professionalFrom Little League through professional contests, athletics receive almost daily attention from members of popular cultureThe further we withdrew from our folk tradition, the more important organized games became
اسلاید 37: SportsThe nineteenth century gave us football, ice hockey, baseball, soccer, and basketball—our major spectator sportsOur folk ancestors played games, but most were limited to children and little time was spent on themConcept of professional athletes and admission-paying spectators is not found in folk culture
اسلاید 38: SportsWith diffusion of commercial spectator sports through North America, distinctregional contrasts developed“Hotbeds” of football arose in some regionsBasketball became a winter mania in some areasBaseball came to rule supreme in some statesIce hockey reigned in still other provinces
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اسلاید 40: SportsParticipant sports reveal similar regionalizationTen “sports regions,” each with its own special character was developed after a study done by two geographers These ten regions provide a more definitive identity to regions formerly revealed mainly through intuition
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اسلاید 42: Beauty pageantsContests are not confined to sports arenasNearly everyone participates in one or another less strenuous competitionProvide a typical expression of American popular cultureBegan in earnest at Atlantic City, New Jersey in the early 1920s
اسلاید 43: Beauty pageantsReveal pronounced areal contrastsWinners tend to come preponderantly from certain parts of the countryA “beauty queen belt” stretches from Mississippi to UtahDirectly north of this belt lies a sizable block of states that have never produced a major contest winnerAs with other culture regions the question arises concerning cause and effect
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اسلاید 45: Vernacular culture regionsDefined as those regions perceived to exist by their inhabitantsProduct of the spatial perception of the population at largeNot a formal region based on carefully chosen criteriaSuch regions vary greatly in size, from small districts to multistate areasOften overlap and usually have poorly defined borders
اسلاید 46: Vernacular culture regionsExample of “Green Country” in northeastern OklahomaName pushed by Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation CommissionProclaim “where a blend of natural beauty, ideal climate and frontier heritage offers visitors a memorable vacation experience”News media in Tulsa repeatedly drum “Green Country” into minds of local OklahomansBillboards and businesses spread the same message
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اسلاید 48: Vernacular culture regionsThese regions can be found in almost every part of the industrialized Western worldWilber ZelinskyCompiled province-sized regions in North America Used most common provincial name appearing in the white pages of urban telephone directoriesOne curious feature is found in the populous districts in New York, Ontario, eastern Ohio, and western Pennsylvania where no affiliation to province is perceived
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اسلاید 50: Vernacular culture regionsJoseph Brownell, in 1960, sought to delimit the “Midwest” Sent questionnaires to postal employees in the midsection of the United States from the Appalachians to the RockiesAsked each employee whether he/she felt the community lay in the “Midwest”Revealed core area where residents felt themselves to be MidwesternersSimilar survey done 20 years later, using student respondents, gave almost the same result
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اسلاید 52: Vernacular culture regionsA resident of Alabama’s “Black Belt” might also claim residence in “Dixie” and “the South”Vernacular regions of America are perceptual in characterVernacular regions are often perpetuated by the mass media
اسلاید 53: Popular culturePopular Culture RegionsDiffusion in Popular CultureThe Ecology of Popular CultureCultural Integration in Popular CultureLandscapes of Popular Culture
اسلاید 54: Hierarchical diffusionMight play a larger role because popular society is highly stratifiedMcDonald’s restaurantsBeginning in 1955 spread hierarchicallyRevealed a bias in favor of larger urban markets
اسلاید 55: Hierarchical diffusionWal-Mart storesDiffused from its Arkansas base in a largely contagious patternSpread into neighboring statesInitially chose smaller towns and markets for locations using a pattern called reverse hierarchical diffusionLater spread into citiesCombination of contagious and reverse hierarchical diffusion led Wal-Mart, within 30 years, to become the nation’s largest retailer
اسلاید 56: Hierarchical diffusionSpeed of diffusion in popular cultureProgresses far more rapidly than in folk cultureTime-distance decay is considerably weakerIn the early nineteenth century time span was measured in decadesModern transportation and communications networks now permit cultural diffusion to occur within weeks or daysRapid diffusion enhances the chance for change in popular culture
اسلاید 57: AdvertisingMost effective device for popular culture diffusionCommercial advertising of retail products bombards us visually and orallyUsing psychology, we are sold products we do not needPopular culture is equipped with the most potent devices and techniques of diffusion ever perfected
اسلاید 58: AdvertisingModern advertising is very place-consciousProducts and services are linked to popular, admired placesExample of the “Marboro Man” and the romanticized American WestRemarkably such techniques work in countries as far away as Egypt
اسلاید 59: Advertising and Diffusion: Sibu, Sarawak, MalaysiaAdvertising plays a key role in the diffusion of popular culture.Symbols are important marketing tools and companies aim to get instant recognition for their products.Here a row of former Chinese shophouses has been renovated as a “strip mall.”The signs are international status symobls meaning “American.”
اسلاید 60: Advertising and Diffusion: Sibu, Sarawak, MalaysiaAmerican pop culture is becoming increasingly popular in Asia to the dismay of many traditional parents. How do you think these young Malaysians learn about American products and why are they so much in demand? Where do you think they are manufactured?What signs do you recognize?
اسلاید 61: International diffusionInnovations diffuse between countries and continents as rapidly as jet airplanes and satellite-beamed television programsPopular cultures of North America, Europe, and Australia have become similar and in constant contactCountry-western music now heard in Northern Ireland’s pubsLevi-clad Romanians in small towns flock to American-made movies
اسلاید 62: International diffusionPopular cultures of North America, Europe, and Australia have become similar and in constant contactAmericans lineup to hear touring British rock musiciansRocky Mountain ski resorts are built in Alpine-Swiss architectureLatest Paris fashions appear in American department storesFast-food franchises of MacDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken diffused to Russia Motel chains such as Holiday Inn took root in Tibet and other countries
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اسلاید 64: International diffusionIn many lesser-developed countries acceptance of Western popular culture occurs among a socioeconomic eliteMany people across the world now share aspects of a global culture
اسلاید 65: Stimulus Diffusion and Fast Food: Sao Paulo, BrazilNot only have McDonalds and other fast food outlets spread around the world but also they have stimulated the development of new ones.
اسلاید 66: Stimulus Diffusion and Fast Food: Sao Paulo, BrazilAt McDingos, one can buy a hamberger, cheeseburger, a “Big Dingo” with double meet and cheese, and a “Bomba de Chocolate” ie a chocolate sundaeThe American influence is unmistakable
اسلاید 67: Communication barriers Spread can be greatly retarded if access to the media is deniedBillboard, a magazine devoted largely to popular music, described such a barrierRecord company executive Seymour Stein complained radio stations and disk jockeys refused to play “punk rock”Stein claimed punk devotees were concentrated in New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, and LondonDiffusion of punk rock could only be heard in other areas through live concerts and the record sales they generatedOther musical forms had the same problem -- pachanga, ska, pop/gospel, “women’s music”, reggae, and “gangsta rap”Time Warner Inc., a major distributor of gangsta rap, had to endure scathing criticism in the United States congress in 1995
اسلاید 68: Communication barriers To control programming of radio and television is to control much of the diffusion of popular cultureGovernment censorship can also provide barriers to diffusionIslamic fundamentalist regime in Iran during 1995Long opposed Western popular culture as a corrupting influenceOutlawed television satellite dishes to try and prevent citizens from Watching programs broadcast in foreign countriesRepressive regimes must cope with a proliferation of communication methods—the fax and InternetIt is probably impossible for even totalitarian nations to completely keep out some influence of popular culture
اسلاید 69: Communication barriers Government censorship can also provide barriers to diffusionExample of Islamic fundamentalist regime in Iran —outlawed television satellite dishes in 1995Control of media can approach control of the mind in popular cultureRepressive regimes must cope with a proliferation of communication methodsStatus of inward-looking “hermit” nations is probably no longer attainable
اسلاید 70: Communication barriers Newspapers also act as selective barriersReinforce the effect of political boundariesBetween 21 and 48 percent of all news published in Canadian newspapers is of foreign origin, mainly United States newsAbout 12 percent of news in American newspapers foreign
اسلاید 71: Diffusion of the rodeoRooted in ranching culture of North American West and has never completely escaped that setting Modern rodeo had its origin in folk traditionBegan simply as roundups of cattle in Spanish livestock ranchingStarted in northern Mexico and the American SouthwestWord rodeo derived from the Spanish rodear, “to surround” or “to round up”
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اسلاید 73: Diffusion of the rodeoCowboys from adjacent ranches began holding informal contests at roundup time to display their skillsAfter the Civil War, some cowboy contests on the Great Plains became formalized, with prizes awarded
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اسلاید 75: Diffusion of the rodeoTransition to commercial rodeo, with admission tickets and grandstands, came quicklyThe “Wild West Show” and its role in the diffusion of the rodeoA rodeo at North Platte, Nebraska in 1882 led to some events being included in a Wild West Show held in Omaha in 1883Wild West Shows moved by railroad from town to townProbably provided the most potent agent of early rodeo diffusion
اسلاید 76: Diffusion of the rodeoWithin a decade of the Omaha affair commercial rodeos were being held independently of Wild West Shows at several townsThe first apparently at Prescott, Arizona, in 1888By 1900, commercial rodeos appeared throughout much of the WestFrontier Days rodeo, at Cheyenne, Wyoming, was first held in 1897
اسلاید 77: Diffusion of the rodeoBy World War I, rodeos became an institution in provinces of western CanadaThe Calgary Stampede began in 1912Professional rodeos are now held in 36 states and 3 Canadian provincesOklahoma listed 98 scheduled events in 1977Ethnic and gender lives have been crossedCreek Nation All Indian Rodeo at OkmulgeeAll Girls Rodeo at DuncanAll Black Rodeo at WewokaIn Texas and other states, rodeo competition has become an official high school sportMajor acceptance is found west of the Mississippi River
اسلاید 78: Diffusion of the rodeoAbsorbing and permeable barriers to diffusionMexico—bullfighting occupies a dominant positionMormon culture region centered in UtahIn central Mexico the charreada exists as a unique form of rodeoIn California the rodeo penetrated the mountains to reach the PacificGreatest strength of commercial rodeo lies in the cattle ranching areas
اسلاید 79: The American diner Restaurant in the general shape of a railroad or trolley car Experienced a failure to diffuse throughout the United StatesArose before World War II in the northeastern United statesSpread through the manufacturing belt states — New York City-Philadelphia urban quarterPerhaps as many as 6000 eateries were founded by 26 companies
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اسلاید 81: The American diner Spread of the diner generally failed in the American SouthConnoted cities, industries, ethnicity, and “northernness”Threatened southern way of lifeRejected from Virginia southwardOnly Florida proved receptive to the idea
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