Cost Accounting Foundations and Evolutions Kinney, Prather, Raiborn
اسلاید 1: Chapter 3 Predetermined Overhead Rates, Flexible Budgets, and Absorption/Variable CostingCost AccountingFoundations and EvolutionsKinney, Prather, Raiborn
اسلاید 2: Learning Objectives (1 of 3)Explain why and how overhead costs are allocated to products and servicesDescribe what causes underapplied or overapplied overhead and how is it treated at the end of the period
اسلاید 3: Learning Objectives (2 of 3)Explain how different capacity measures affect predetermined overhead ratesDescribe two methods of analyzing mixed costs – high-low method and least squares regression analysis
اسلاید 4: Learning Objectives (3 of 3)Explain how managers use flexible budgets to set predetermined overhead ratesContrast absorption and variable costingDescribe how changes in sales or production levels affect net income under absorption and variable costing
اسلاید 5: Predetermined Overhead RateAllows overhead to be assigned during the period, fulfilling the matching principleAdjusts for variations not related to activityCompensates for fluctuations in activity level that do not affect fixed overheadAllows managers to be aware of product, product line, customer, and vendor profitability
اسلاید 6: The Activity Level (The Denominator)Relationship between the overhead cost and the activityproduction volumedirect labor hoursdirect labor costmachine hoursnumber of purchase orders or partsmachine setupsmaterial handling time
اسلاید 7: Disposing of Overhead DifferencesIf overhead is underappliedCost of Goods Sold increasesIncome decreasesIf overhead is overappliedCost of Goods Sold decreasesIncome increases
اسلاید 8: Theoretical capacityAll production factors are operating perfectlyDisregards Machinery breakdownHoliday downtimeResults in Significant underapplied overheadLowest product costAlternative Capacity Levels (The Denominator Level)
اسلاید 9: Practical capacityTheoretical capacity reduced by ongoing, regular operating interruptions (holidays, downtime, and start-up time)Usually results in Underapplied overheadLow product costAlternative Capacity Levels (The Denominator Level)
اسلاید 10: Alternative Capacity LevelNormal capacityConsiders Historical production levelEstimated future production levelCyclical fluctuationsAttainable level of activityWhen normal capacity is greater than expected capacity, may result in Underapplied overheadHigher product costAlternative Capacity Levels (The Denominator Level)
اسلاید 11: Alternative Capacity LevelExpected capacityAnticipated activity level for the upcoming period based on projected product demandDetermined during the budget processShould closely reflect actual costsResults in Immaterial overapplied or underapplied overheadHighest product costAlternative Capacity Levels (The Denominator Level)
اسلاید 12: Mixed CostAnalyzing Mixed Costs$UnitsfixedvariableA mixed cost contains both a variable and fixed component
اسلاید 13: Mixed CostsTo determine variable and fixed predetermined overhead rates, separate mixed costs into variable and fixed components
اسلاید 14: Separating Mixed Costsy = a + bXy = total costa = fixed portion of total costb = variable costX = activity base to which y is relatedUse formula for a straight line
اسلاید 15: Separating Mixed CostsTwo MethodsHigh-Low MethodLeast Squares Regression Analysis
اسلاید 16: Flexible BudgetsSeparate overhead costs into fixed and variable components in order to estimate the amount of overhead at various levels of the denominator activity
اسلاید 17: Flexible BudgetShows manufacturing overhead costs and cost behaviorSeparates costs into fixed and variable elementsProvides budgeted costs at various activity levelsShows impact of a change in the denominator level of activity
اسلاید 18: Plantwide vs. Departmental Predetermined Overhead RatesPlantwide Overhead RateHomogeneous activities throughout plantDepartmental Overhead RateDifferent types of work effort in departmentsDiverse material requiring different times in departmentsUsually provides better information for planning, control, and decision making
اسلاید 19: DifferencesAbsorption costingFixed manufacturing overhead is a product costVariable costingFixed manufacturing overhead is a period costVariable operating expenses are subtracted from product contribution margin to equal contribution margin
اسلاید 20: Difference in Income Absorption Vs. VariableNo change in inventory levelAbsorption Income = Variable IncomeIncrease in inventory levelAbsorption Income > Variable IncomePhantom ProfitsDecrease in inventory levelAbsorption Income < Variable Income
اسلاید 21: QuestionsHow does underapplied overhead affect cost of goods sold and net income?What two methods are used to separate mixed costs into variable and fixed costs?What is the difference between absorption and variable costing?
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