Entrepreneurship: an international phenomena
اسلاید 1: Entrepreneurship: An international phenomena Dr. Alan CarsrudExecutive Director & ProfessorGlobal Entrepreneurship CenterFLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYBased on the research of Professors Carsrud, Mason, Harrison, Reynolds, Birch, Bygrave. Hay, Brown, Florio, and others
اسلاید 2: Entrepreneurship: What is It?Who or what is entrepreneurial? People?Businesses?Industries?Entire societies?What makes “it” entrepreneurial?Special traits?New/innovative ideas, products, & services?High growth activities?Exploitation of opportunity and/or people?Creation of new markets, new economic sectors?
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اسلاید 4: What is Entrepreneurship?Not Just Small CompaniesNot Just Start-UpsNot the Unscrupulous PromotersNot Just For-Profit FirmsNot Just Non-GovernmentCertainly not many “dot.com’s”What is it to you as a student?
اسلاید 5: If Entrepreneurship is the Answer, Then what are other questions?What it isn’t?Why is it important?What role does it play in society?What is its role internationally?How is being an entrepreneur different from being a manager?
اسلاید 6: Entrepreneurship: Traditional DefinitionsRisk TakerFounderInnovatorCapitalistScoundrelBorn not Learned
اسلاید 7: Views of EntrepreneurshipFrancis A. Walker (1876)...the new captains of industry as the principals agents of production and industrial process.Joseph Schumpter (1934)...the entrepreneur is the man who gets new things done.
اسلاید 8: Or a modified David Birch modelCockroachesMiceGisellesElephants
اسلاید 9: Another ViewPeter F. Drucker (1964)...’maximization of opportunities’ is a meaningful, indeed a precise, definition of the entrepreneurial job. It implies that effectiveness rather than efficiency is essential in business. The pertinent question is not how to do things right but how to find the right things to do, and to concentrate resources and efforts on them.
اسلاید 10: More Views of EntrepreneurshipWilliam Baumol (1968)He is the individual who exercises what in the business literature is called ‘leadership’Albert Shapero (1975)...a kind of behavior that includes: 1) initiative taking, 2) the organizing or reorganizing of social / economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical account, 3) the acceptance of risk of failure. A major resource utilized by the entrepreneur is himself.
اسلاید 11: Perhaps the Best Working Definition“The pursuit of opportunity beyond the resources you currently control”Professor Howard StevensonHarvard Business School
اسلاید 12: About EntrepreneursInnovativeCreativeExcellenceEgos
اسلاید 13: The entrepreneur’s personality:Cooperative, a team player;Strong desire to work hard;High in desire to learn new & different things;Able to listen to others;Not competitive;Not any more risk prone than other professionals.
اسلاید 14: Factors in entrepreneurial success:Achievement Oriented PersonalityEntrepreneurial AttitudesBelief in Self and AbilitySocial ContextPrecipitation EventIntention to Start a VentureOpportunity RecognitionControlling ResourcesTiming
اسلاید 15: Why Entrepreneurship Now?Technological ChangeEconomic ChangeSocial ChangePsychological Change
اسلاید 16: The Present ExplosionResponse to AmbiguityNeed for FlexibilityCreating Economic ValueKey to Economic DevelopmentMatches Risks and RewardsCreation of WealthCreation of Jobs
اسلاید 17: A final set of questions: Are there national differences in entrepreneurial activity? Is entrepreneurial activity related to national economic growth?Why are some countries more entrepreneurial than others?What can be done to enhance entrepreneurial activity?
اسلاید 18: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) Project Based on the research of Professor Paul Reynolds and the National GEM Teams
اسلاید 19: Social, Cultural,PoliticalContextGeneral National Framework ConditionsOpenness (External Trade)Government (Extent,Role)Financial Markets (Efficiency)Technology, R&D (Level, Intensity)Infrastructure (Physical)Management (Skills)Labor Markets (Flexible)Institutions (Unbiased, Rule of Law)EntrepreneurialFrameworkConditionsFinancialGovernment PoliciesGovernment ProgramsEducation & TrainingR&D TransferCommercial, Legal InfrastructureInternal Market OpennessAccess to Physical InfrastructureCultural, Social NormsEntrepreneurial OpportunitiesEntrepreneurial Capacity- Skills- MotivationNational Economic Growth (GDP,Jobs)BusinessChurningMicro, Small, and Medium Firms (Secondary Economy)GEM CONCEPTUAL MODEL Major Established Firms (Primary Economy)
اسلاید 20: Two Types of EntrepreneursNecessityOpportunistic
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اسلاید 23: Market Replication vs. Market ExpansionMarket ReplicationCustomers know product or service wellLots of competition Using established technology or procedures Market Expansion, Creation Customers unfamiliar with product or serviceNo competitionNew technology or procedures
اسلاید 24:
اسلاید 25: Developed Asian [Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore]Opportunity Entrepreneurship lowNecessity entrepreneurship very LowMarket expansion entrepreneurship lowWomen low in entrepreneurship relative to men Small percent adults See business opportunitiesKnow an entrepreneurThink they know how to start a businessLow income disparity
اسلاید 26: Eastern European [Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Slovenia]Opportunity entrepreneurship lowNecessity entrepreneurship very lowMarket Expansion entrepreneurship very lowWomen low entrepreneurship rates relative to men Small percent adults See business opportunitiesThink they know how to start a businessSome know an entrepreneurSubstantial farm sector Moderate income disparityLow VC, informal financing
اسلاید 27: European Union + 4 [Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK]Opportunity entrepreneurship moderateNecessity entrepreneurship very lowMarket expansion entrepreneurship moderateWomen low in entrepreneurship relative to men Many adults See business opportunitiesThink they have start-up skillKnow an entrepreneurHave high fear of failureLow income disparityHigh social security costsModerate VC, informal financing
اسلاید 28: Former British Empire (Anglo) [Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, United States]Opportunity entrepreneurship highNecessity entrepreneurship lowMarket Expansion entrepreneurship highWomen low in entrepreneurship relative to men Many adults See business opportunitiesThink they have start-up skillKnow an entrepreneurHave low fear of failureModerate income disparityModerate VC, informal financing
اسلاید 29: Latin America [Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico]Opportunity entrepreneurship highNecessity entrepreneurship highMarket Expansion entrepreneurship highWomen approach men in entrepreneurship rates Many adults See business opportunitiesThink they have start-up skillKnow an entrepreneurSubstantial farm sectorHigh % unemployed < 25 yrs oldHighest income disparityHighest firm registration barriersModerate VC, informal financing
اسلاید 30: Developing Asian [China, India, Korea (South), Thailand]Opportunity entrepreneurship highNecessity entrepreneurship highMarket Expansion entrepreneurship highWomen approach equality in entrepreneurship ratesMany adults See business opportunitiesThink they have start-up skillKnow an entrepreneurSubstantial farm sectorHigh % unemployed < 25 yrs oldHigh income disparityPolitical SystemHigh levels of corruption Weak property rights protectionHighest firm registration barriersModerate VC, informal financing
اسلاید 31: How Many People Are Involved? 37 GEM 2002 countries 3,882 million people 2,374 million in labor force age range (18-64 years old)62% of world population 92% of world GDPEstimate 286 million active in start-ups205 million in India and China18 million in the US 11.6 million EU + 44.0 million Eastern European 5140 million business entities (2 per start-up)Estimate 460 million active in the world Compare to 132 million new human births each year More that population of North America (415 million)
اسلاید 32: So Hopefully I have AnweredWho or what is entrepreneurial? PeopleBusinessesIndustriesEntire societiesWhat makes “it” entrepreneurial?Special traitsNew/innovative ideas, products, & servicesHigh growth activitiesExploitation of opportunity and/or peopleCreation of new markets, new economic sectors
اسلاید 33: QUESTIONS?
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