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Entrepreneurship: An international phenomena Dr. Alan Carsrud Executive Director & Professor Global Entrepreneurship Center FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Based on the research of Professors Carsrud, Mason, Harrison, Reynolds, Birch, Bygrave. Hay, Brown, Florio, and others Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Entrepreneurship: What is It? • Who or what is entrepreneurial? – – – – People? Businesses? Industries? Entire societies? • What makes “it” entrepreneurial? – – – – – Special traits? New/innovative ideas, products, & services? High growth activities? Exploitation of opportunity and/or people? Creation of new markets, new economic sectors? Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu What is Entrepreneurship? • • • • • • • Not Just Small Companies Not Just Start-Ups Not the Unscrupulous Promoters Not Just For-Profit Firms Not Just Non-Government Certainly not many “dot.com’s” What is it to you as a student? Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu If Entrepreneurship is the Answer, Then what are other questions? • • • • • What it isn’t? Why is it important? What role does it play in society? What is its role internationally? How is being an entrepreneur different from being a manager? Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Entrepreneurship: Traditional Definitions • • • • • • Risk Taker Founder Innovator Capitalist Scoundrel Born not Learned Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Views of Entrepreneurship • Francis A. Walker (1876) ...the new captains of industry as the principals agents of production and industrial process. • Joseph Schumpter (1934) ...the entrepreneur is the man who gets new things done. Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Or a modified David Birch model • • • • Cockroaches Mice Giselles Elephants Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Another View • Peter F. Drucker (1964) ...’maximization of opportunities’ is a meaningful, indeed a precise, definition of the entrepreneurial job. It implies that effectiveness rather than efficiency is essential in business. The pertinent question is not how to do things right but how to find the right things to do, and to concentrate resources and efforts on them. Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu More Views of Entrepreneurship • William Baumol (1968) He is the individual who exercises what in the business literature is called ‘leadership’ • Albert Shapero (1975) ...a kind of behavior that includes: 1) initiative taking, 2) the organizing or reorganizing of social / economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical account, 3) the acceptance of risk of failure. A major resource utilized by the entrepreneur is himself. Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Perhaps the Best Working Definition “The pursuit of opportunity beyond the resources you currently control” Professor Howard Stevenson Harvard Business School Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu About Entrepreneurs • • • • Innovative Creative Excellence Egos Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu The entrepreneur’s personality: • • • • • • Cooperative, a team player; Strong desire to work hard; High in desire to learn new & different things; Able to listen to others; Not competitive; Not any more risk prone than other professionals. Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Factors in entrepreneurial success: • • • • • • • • • Achievement Oriented Personality Entrepreneurial Attitudes Belief in Self and Ability Social Context Precipitation Event Intention to Start a Venture Opportunity Recognition Controlling Resources Timing Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Why Entrepreneurship Now? • • • • Technological Change Economic Change Social Change Psychological Change Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu The Present Explosion • • • • • • • Response to Ambiguity Need for Flexibility Creating Economic Value Key to Economic Development Matches Risks and Rewards Creation of Wealth Creation of Jobs Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu A final set of questions: • Are there national differences in entrepreneurial activity? • Is entrepreneurial activity related to national economic growth? • Why are some countries more entrepreneurial than others? • What can be done to enhance entrepreneurial activity? Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu The Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) Project Based on the research of Professor Paul Reynolds and the National GEM Teams Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu General National Framework Conditions •Openness (External Trade) •Government (Extent,Role) •Financial Markets (Efficiency) •Technology, R&D (Level, Intensity) •Infrastructure (Physical) •Management (Skills) •Labor Markets (Flexible) •Institutions (Unbiased, Rule of Law) Social, Cultural, Political Context Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions •Financial •Government Policies •Government Programs •Education & Training •R&D Transfer •Commercial, Legal Infrastructure •Internal Market Openness •Access to Physical Infrastructure •Cultural, Social Norms Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 Major Established Firms (Primary Economy) Micro, Small, and Medium Firms (Secondary Economy) GEM CONCEPTU AL MODEL National Economic Growth (GDP,Jobs) Entrepreneurial Opportunities Entrepreneurial Capacity - Skills - Motivation www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Business Churning Two Types of Entrepreneurs • Necessity • Opportunistic Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu CHINA BRAZIL ARGENTI CHILE SAFRIC HKONG HUNGARY SLOVENI POLAND JAPAN KOREA INDIA CROATIA RUSSIA GERMANY SPAIN MEXICO ISRAEL THAILAN AUSTRAL SWEDEN CTAIPE NZEALA IRELAND SINGAPO UK CANADA SWITZER US NETHERL BELGIUM ITALY ICELAND FINLAND DENMARK NORWAY FRANCE % Necessi t y Necessi t y En t rep ren eu rsh i p as % o f To t al : GEM 2002 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Perso n al Resp o n ses a n d En t rep ren eu ri a l Acd t i vi t y : 30GEM 2002Co u n t ri es TEA_Opp ort uni t y TEA_Necessi t y TEA_Ot her 25.00 #/100Perso n s 18-64Yrs Ol d 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Market Replication vs. Market Expansion • Market Replication – Customers know product or service well – Lots of competition – Using established technology or procedures • Market Expansion, Creation – Customers unfamiliar with product or service – No competition – New technology or procedures Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu TEA En t i t i e s - Re p l i c a t i o n v e rs u s Ma rk e t Ex p a n s i o n b y Gl o b a l Ty p e Asi a n Ad va nce d Fo rme r Ce nt rali ze d EU Euro p e + 4 Fo rmer Bri t i sh Lat i n Ame ri ca n Asi a n De ve lo pi ng 16 14 #/100Ad u l t s 18-64Ye a rs Ol d 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Ma rke t Rep li ca t i o n Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 So me marke t Expa nsi on www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Developed Asian [Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore] • • • • • Opportunity Entrepreneurship low Necessity entrepreneurship very Low Market expansion entrepreneurship low Women low in entrepreneurship relative to men Small percent adults – See business opportunities – Know an entrepreneur – Think they know how to start a business • Low income disparity Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Eastern European [Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Slovenia] • • • • Opportunity entrepreneurship low Necessity entrepreneurship very low Market Expansion entrepreneurship very low Women low entrepreneurship rates relative to men Small percent adults – See business opportunities – Think they know how to start a business – Some know an entrepreneur • Substantial farm sector • Moderate income disparity • Low VC, informal financing Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu European Union + 4 [Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK] • • • • • Opportunity entrepreneurship moderate Necessity entrepreneurship very low Market expansion entrepreneurship moderate Women low in entrepreneurship relative to men Many adults – – – – See business opportunities Think they have start-up skill Know an entrepreneur Have high fear of failure • Low income disparity • High social security costs • Moderate VC, informal financing Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Former British Empire (Anglo) [Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, United States] • • • • • Opportunity entrepreneurship high Necessity entrepreneurship low Market Expansion entrepreneurship high Women low in entrepreneurship relative to men Many adults – – – – See business opportunities Think they have start-up skill Know an entrepreneur Have low fear of failure • Moderate income disparity • Moderate VC, informal financing Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Latin America [Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico] • • • • • Opportunity entrepreneurship high Necessity entrepreneurship high Market Expansion entrepreneurship high Women approach men in entrepreneurship rates Many adults – See business opportunities – Think they have start-up skill – Know an entrepreneur • • • • • Substantial farm sector High % unemployed < 25 yrs old Highest income disparity Highest firm registration barriers Moderate VC, informal financing Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu Developing Asian [China, India, Korea (South), Thailand] • • • • • Opportunity entrepreneurship high Necessity entrepreneurship high Market Expansion entrepreneurship high Women approach equality in entrepreneurship rates Many adults – See business opportunities – Think they have start-up skill – Know an entrepreneur • • • • Substantial farm sector High % unemployed < 25 yrs old High income disparity Political System – High levels of corruption – Weak property rights protection • Highest firm registration barriers • Moderate VC, informal financing Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu How Many People Are Involved? • 37 GEM 2002 countries – – – – 3,882 million people 2,374 million in labor force age range (18-64 years old) 62% of world population 92% of world GDP • Estimate 286 million active in start-ups – – – – 205 million in India and China 18 million in the US 11.6 million EU + 4 4.0 million Eastern European 5 • 140 million business entities (2 per start-up) • Estimate 460 million active in the world – Compare to 132 million new human births each year – More that population of North America (415 million) Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu So Hopefully I have Anwered • Who or what is entrepreneurial? – – – – People Businesses Industries Entire societies • What makes “it” entrepreneurial? – – – – – Special traits New/innovative ideas, products, & services High growth activities Exploitation of opportunity and/or people Creation of new markets, new economic sectors Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu QUESTIONS? Copyright © Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 www.entrepreneurship.fiu.edu