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اولین کسی باشید که نظری می نویسد “Herbicide Resistance Management”

Herbicide Resistance Management

اسلاید 1: Herbicide Resistance ManagementSlide set for Pesticide Applicator TrainingDeveloped byAlan C. YorkNorth Carolina Cooperative Extension Service PAT - HRM 1

اسلاید 2: Herbicide Resistance What is resistance? What causes resistance? How to avoid resistance? How to detect resistance? PAT - HRM 2

اسلاید 3: Herbicide Resistance What is resistance? What causes resistance? How to avoid resistance? How to detect resistance? PAT - HRM 3

اسلاید 4: What is Herbicide Resistance? (official WSSA definition) Inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type. PAT - HRM 4

اسلاید 5: What is a Weed Biotype? A population (a subgroup) of weeds within a given species that possess certain traits or characteristics not common to the entire population. PAT - HRM 5

اسلاید 6: Extent of Herbicide ResistanceIs it a significant problem or just a curiosity?PAT - HRM 6

اسلاید 7: Extent of Herbicide Resistance WorldwideIn 1998, 216 biotypes resistant to one or more herbicides in 15 chemical families were identified in 45 countries.1998 International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds PAT - HRM 7

اسلاید 8: Extent of Herbicide Resistancein USA In 1998, 74 biotypes resistant to one or more herbicides in 15 chemical families were identified. 1998 International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds PAT - HRM 8

اسلاید 9: Examples of Herbicide Resistant Biotypes in USTriazine-resistant:DNA-resistant:JimsonweedGoosegrassLambsquartersJohnsongrassPenn. smartweedPalmer amaranthPAT - HRM 9

اسلاید 10: Examples of Herbicide Resistant Biotypes in USIMI-resistant:SU-resistant:CockleburCockleburSmooth pigweedGiant foxtailPrickly sidaItalian ryegrassPAT - HRM 10

اسلاید 11: Examples of Herbicide Resistant Biotypes in USAryloxyphenoxy propanates:CrabgrassGiant foxtailItalian ryegrass JohnsongrassPAT - HRM 11

اسلاید 12: Herbicide Resistant Biotypes in NC DNA-resistant goosegrass & Palmer amaranth Arsenical-resistant cocklebur Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed & lambsquarters Triazine-resistant annual bluegrass Hoelon-resistant Italian ryegrass Imidazolinone and sulfonylurea resistant cockleburPAT - HRM 12

اسلاید 13: Extent of Herbicide ResistanceIs it a significant problem or just a curiosity?PAT - HRM 13

اسلاید 14: Population ShiftvsResistancePAT - HRM 14

اسلاید 15: Weed Population Shift Change in the distribution of species comprising a population. Increase in percentage of one or more species within a population in response to use of a herbicide to which those species are tolerant or marginally susceptible.PAT - HRM 15

اسلاید 16: PAT - HRM 16Change in Weed Population After Extensive Use of Herbicide Effective on Weeds A and B but Weak on Weed C% of population

اسلاید 17: Examples of Population Shifts Fall panicum after atrazine Signalgrass after Lasso Prickly sida after Classic Copperleaf after Pursuit Morningglory after RoundupPAT - HRM 17

اسلاید 18: Population Shift: weed was never controlled by herbicide(s) in questionResistance: weed was once controlled by herbicide(s) in questionPopulation Shift vs ResistancePAT - HRM 18

اسلاید 19: Herbicide Resistance What is resistance? What causes resistance? How to avoid resistance? How to detect resistance? PAT - HRM 19

اسلاید 20: Resistance is a naturally occurringevolutionary response to selectionpressure by a mortality agent (i.e., a herbicide)How Does Herbicide ResistanceDevelop?PAT - HRM 20

اسلاید 21: Herbicides do not “create” resistance Individual plants naturally resistant are present in very low numbers How Does Herbicide Resistance Develop?PAT - HRM 21

اسلاید 22: Herbicides do not “create” resistance Individual plants naturally resistant are present in very low numbers Herbicides select for those resistant individuals How Does Herbicide Resistance Develop?PAT - HRM 22

اسلاید 23: Strategies in Resistance Management1.Hope it won’t happen to you; deal with it when and if it occurs2.Manage to avoid a problem developingPAT - HRM 28

اسلاید 24: ThinkResistanceManagement PAT - HRM 29

اسلاید 25: Think of herbicidesas resourcesto be protectedPAT - HRM 30

اسلاید 26: Herbicide Resistance What is resistance? What causes resistance? How to avoid resistance? How to detect resistance? PAT - HRM 31

اسلاید 27: Prerequisites forResistance EvolutionPAT - HRM 32 Individuals with genes conferring resistance within the population Selection pressure on individuals possessing those genes

اسلاید 28: Developing aResistance Management Strategy PAT - HRM 33

اسلاید 29: Components of Resistance Management Strategy Rotate herbicides having different modes of action PAT - HRM 34

اسلاید 30: What is HerbicideMode of Action?The biochemical mechanism by whicha herbicide causes death in the targetweeds. PAT - HRM 35

اسلاید 31: Resistance Management Some herbicides (classes of chemistry) more prone to resistance evolution than others. Which herbicides should we be most concerned about? PAT - HRM 36

اسلاید 32: How Do You Know Mode of Action of Commonly Used Herbicides?This information can often be found in Extension weed management guides.PAT - HRM 37

اسلاید 33: Risk Herbicide Mode ofWSSA category family actiongroup HighImidazolinone ALS 2Pyrimidinylthiobenzoate inhibitionSulfonylureaTriazolopyrimidinePAT - HRM 39

اسلاید 34: Risk Herbicide Tradecategory familynames* HighImidazolinoneCadreLightningPursuit ScepterPyrimidinylthio-StaplebenzoateSulfonylureaAccentBasisBeaconClassicExceedExpress MatrixPinnaclePermitHarmony ExtraSynchronyTriazolo-FirstRatePythonStrongarmpyrimidine*Does not include prepacks containing herbicides with two or more modes of action. PAT - HRM 40

اسلاید 35: Risk Herbicide Mode ofWSSA category family actiongroup HighImidazolinone ALS 2Pyrimidinylthiobenzoate inhibitionSulfonylureaTriazolopyrimidinePAT - HRM 41

اسلاید 36: Risk Herbicide Mode ofWSSA category family actiongroup ModerateAryloxyphenoxyACCase 1 to highpropionateinhibitionCyclohexadione ModerateDinitroanilineMicrotubule 3assemby inhibitionOrganoarsenicalUnknown 17TriazinePhotosystem II 5TriazinoneinhibitionPAT - HRM 42

اسلاید 37: Risk Herbicide Tradecategory family names*ModerateAryloxyphenoxy Assure Fusilade Fusion to highpropionate HoelonCyclohexanedione Poast SelectModerateDinitroaniline Prowl Sonalan TreflanOrganoarsenical DSMA MSMATriazine AAtrex Bladex Cy-Pro Caparol Cotton-Pro Evik PrincepTriazinone Lexone Sencor*Does not include prepacks containing herbicides with two or more sites of action. PAT - HRM 43

اسلاید 38: Risk Herbicide Mode ofWSSA category family actiongroup ModerateAryloxyphenoxyACCase 1 to highpropionateinhibitionCyclohexadione ModerateDinitroanilineMicrotubule 3assemby inhibitionOrganoarsenicalUnknown 17TriazinePhotosystem II 5TriazinoneinhibitionPAT - HRM 44

اسلاید 39: Risk Herbicide Tradecategory family names*ModerateAryloxyphenoxy Assure Fusilade Fusion to highpropionate HoelonCyclohexanedione Poast SelectModerateDinitroaniline Prowl Sonalan TreflanOrganoarsenical DSMA MSMATriazine AAtrex Bladex Cy-Pro Caparol Cotton-Pro Evik PrincepTriazinone Lexone Sencor*Does not include prepacks containing herbicides with two or more sites of action. PAT - HRM 45

اسلاید 40: Components of Resistance Management Strategy Rotate herbicides having different modes of action Simply rotating trade names is not sufficient. Several herbicides have the same mode of action. You must rotate modes of action. PAT - HRM 46

اسلاید 41: Risk Herbicide Tradecategory familynames* HighImidazolinoneCadreLightningPursuit ScepterPyrimidinylthio-StaplebenzoateSulfonylureaAccentBasisBeaconClassicExceedExpress MatrixPinnaclePermitHarmony ExtraSynchronyTriazolo-FirstRatePythonStrongarmpyrimidine*Does not include prepacks containing herbicides with two or more modes of action. PAT - HRM 47

اسلاید 42: Components of Resistance Management Strategy Rotate herbicides having different modes of action Use tank mixes or sequential applications of herbicides having different modes of action PAT - HRM 48

اسلاید 43: Components of Resistance Management Strategy Rotate herbicides having different mode of action Use tank mixes or sequential applications of herbicides having different mode of action Be especially vigilant when using herbicides with higher risks of resistance evolution PAT - HRM 49

اسلاید 44: Components of Resistance Management Strategy Rotate herbicides having different modes of action Use tank mixes or sequential applications of herbicides having different sites of action Be especially vigilant when using herbicides with higher risks of resistance evolution Integrate non-chemical controls where feasiblePAT - HRM 50

اسلاید 45: Herbicide Resistance What is resistance? What causes resistance? How to avoid resistance? How to detect resistance? PAT - HRM 51

اسلاید 46: Detecting Herbicide ResistanceEarly detection important Prevent further buildup of problem Prevent spread to other fields and farms currently not infested PAT - HRM 52

اسلاید 47: Detecting Herbicide ResistancePAT - HRM 53 Most control failures NOT due to resistance Eliminate other possible causes first Improper herbicide choice or rate Poor/improper application Poor timing of application Unfavorable weather Later weed flushes Antagonism by other pesticides

اسلاید 48: Detecting Herbicide ResistancePAT - HRM 54 First, eliminate other possible causes for weed control failure Then, look for known indicators of resistance

اسلاید 49: Indicators of Resistance Performance poor on one species, other species controlled well Product normally controls weed in questionPAT - HRM 55

اسلاید 50: Indicators of Resistance Performance poor on one species, other species controlled well Product normally controls weed in question Poor control confined to spots in field, at least initiallyPAT - HRM 56

اسلاید 51: Indicators of Resistance Performance poor on one species, other species controlled well Product normally controls weed in question Poor control confined to spots in field Some plants of species in question controlled well, others controlled poorlyPAT - HRM 57

اسلاید 52: PAT - HRM 58

اسلاید 53: Indicators of Resistance Performance poor on one species, other species controlled well Product normally controls weed in question Poor control confined to spots in field Some plants of species in question controlled well, others controlled poorly Field history of heavy use of herbicides with same mode of actionPAT - HRM 59

اسلاید 54: What To Do if Resistance Suspected? Seek assistance in confirmation Contact extension agent, consultant, company representative, or dealerPAT - HRM 60

اسلاید 55: What To Do if Resistance Suspected? Seek assistance in confirmation Prevent further seed production PAT - HRM 61 Use herbicide with different MOA Disk up or treat with non-selective herbicide if acreage is small Mow for hay or cut for silage?

اسلاید 56: What To Do if Resistance Suspected? Seek assistance in confirmation Prevent further seed production Avoid spread to other areas PAT - HRM 62 Clean equipment Harvest field last

اسلاید 57: Herbicide Resistance Herbicide resistance is real Herbicide resistance is manageable Think resistance managementPAT - HRM 63

اسلاید 58: PAT - HRM 27Year 1

اسلاید 59: PAT - HRM 28Year 2

اسلاید 60: PAT - HRM 29Year 3

اسلاید 61: PAT - HRM 30Year 4

اسلاید 62: PAT - HRM 31Year 5

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