History of Health Care

History of Health Care

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: History of Health Care

اسلاید 3: ObjectivesStudents will:Identify medical/health care milestones that have led to advances in health care.Predict where and how factors such as cost, managed care, technology, and aging population, access to care, alternative therapies, and lifestyle behavior may affect various health delivery system models.

اسلاید 4: 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive TimesIllness and diseases were a punishment from the GodsTribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremoniesHerbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)Trepanation or trephining (surgically removig a piece of bone from the skull)Average life span was 20 years

اسلاید 5: 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient EgyptiansPhysicians were priestsBloodletting or leeches used as medical treatmentAverage life span was 20-30 years

اسلاید 6: 1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient ChineseBelieved in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the bodyRecorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbsUsed therapies such as acupunctureBegan to search for medical reasons for illness Average life span was 20-30 years

اسلاید 7: 1200 BC –200 BC Ancient GreeksFirst to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.Believed illness is a result of natural causesUsed therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatmentStressed diet and exercise as ways to prevent diseaseAverage life span was 25-35 years

اسلاید 8: 753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiersLater hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueductsGalen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bileLife span was 25-35 years

اسلاید 9: AD 400 – AD 800 Dark AgesEmphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibitedPrayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & diseaseMonks and priests provided custodial care for sill peopleMedications were mainly herbal mixturesAverage life span was 20-30 years

اسلاید 10: AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle AgesRenewed interest in medical practices of Greek and RomansBubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and AsiaMajor diseases included smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malariaArabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licensesAverage life span was 20-35 years

اسلاید 11: AD 1350 – AD 1650 RenaissanceDissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiologyInvention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be sharedFirst anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)Average life span was 30-40 years

اسلاید 12: 16th and 17th CenturiesCause of disease still not known – many people died from infectionsInvention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.Apothecaries (early pharmicists) made, prescribed, and sold medicationsAmbroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleedingAverage life span 35-45 years

اسلاید 13: 18th CenturyGabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometerJohn Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feedingBenjamin Franklin invented bifocalsAverage life span 40-50 years

اسلاید 14: 19th CenturyRapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinationsInfection control developed once microorganisms were associated with diseaseFormal training for nurses beganWomen became active participants in health careAverage life span 40-60 years

اسلاید 15: 20th CenturyIncreased knowledge about the role of blood in the bodyABO blood groups discoveredFound out how white blood cells protect against diseaseNew medications were developedInsulin discovered and used to treat diabetesAntibiotics developed to fight infections Vaccines were developedNew machines developed Kidney Dialysis Machine Heart Lung Machine Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions

اسلاید 16: 20th Century (continued)Organ TransplantsTest tube babiesImplanted first artificial heartHealth Care Plans developed to help pay the cost of careMedicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arenaHMOs provided an alternative to private insuranceHospice organized

اسلاید 17: 21st CenturyThe first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In 2001The threat of bioterrorism lead to smallpox vaccination of the military and first responders in 2002The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia in 2002The Human Genome Project to identify all of the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human

اسلاید 18: 21st CenturyStem cells were used in the treatments of disease early in the 2000’s and lead to increased research in the treatment of cancer and other diseasesPresident George W. Bush approved federal funding for research using only existing lines of embryonic stem cells in 2001Advanced Cell Technology announced it cloned a human embryo in 2001 but the embryo did not surviveThe U.S. FDA approved the use of the abortion pill RU-486 IN 200

اسلاید 19: 21st CenturyThe standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996, went into effect in 2003The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act was passed in 2003Vaccinations for cervical cancer and herpes zoster (shingles) in 2006

اسلاید 20: Potential for 21st CenturyCures for AIDS, cancer, and heart disease Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited diseaseNerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to prevent paralysisAntibiotics are developed that do not allow pathogens to develop resistanceAverage life span 90-100 years

اسلاید 21: Individual Contributions

اسلاید 22: Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC)Greek physician known as the “Father of MedicineAuthored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice todayBelieved illness was not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise

اسلاید 23: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organismsScraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay

اسلاید 24: Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Invented bifocalsFound that colds could be passed from person to person

اسلاید 25: Ephraim McDowell (1771 -1 1830)Surgeon from Danville, Ky.Performed the first ovariotomy -(surgical removal of the ovary) - to remove a 22 pound tumor

اسلاید 26: Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

اسلاید 27: Rene Laennec (1781-1826) Invented the stethoscope in 1819 First stethoscope was made of wood

اسلاید 28: Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)First female physician in the United States in 1849

اسلاید 29: Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver mealsBegin the professional education of nurses

اسلاید 30: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Known as the “Father of Microbiology”His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause diseaseProved that heat can be used to destroy germs through a process called pasteurizationCreated a vaccine for rabies in 1885Founded the basic rules for sterilization

اسلاید 31: Joseph Lister (1827-1912)Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germsFirst doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

اسلاید 32: Clara Barton (1821-1912)Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil WarAfter Civil War, established a bureau of records to search for missing menCampaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva, which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiersFormed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president

اسلاید 33: Robert Koch (1843-1910)Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogensIsolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

اسلاید 34: Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895Let doctors see inside the bodyX-rayed wife’s hand

اسلاید 35: Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mindHis studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry

اسلاید 36: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century

اسلاید 37: Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993)Discovered polio vaccineSaved many people from this virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year.

اسلاید 38: Francis Crick (1916 – 2004) James Watson (1928 - )Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA Shared the Noble Prize in 1962

اسلاید 39: Christian Barnard (1922 – 2001)Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968

اسلاید 40: Robert JarvikCreator of the first artificial heartOn December 2, 1982, it was implanted into Barney Clark, who lived for the next 112 daysThe second patient, William Schroeder, lived for 620 days

اسلاید 41: Ben Carson (1951 - )Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins Currently Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John HopkinsHe has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures

اسلاید 42: Current Trends in Health Care

اسلاید 43: Cost ContainmentCost of health care began rising due to:Technological advancesAging populationHealth-related lawsuitsCost Containment measures include:Diagnostic related groups (DRG)Combination of servicesOutpatient servicesMass or bulk purchasingEarly intervention and preventive services

اسلاید 44: Health care facilities specialized to include:Home health careHospice careGeriatric careTypes of facilitiesOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)Telemedicine

اسلاید 45: Emphasis on promoting wellness of the whole individual:Physical wellnessEmotional wellnessSocial wellnessMental and intellectual wellnessSpiritual WellnessHolistic Health

اسلاید 46: Alternative and Complementary Methods of Health CareChinese medicine practitionersChiropractorsHomeopathsHypnotistsNaturopaths

اسلاید 47: National Health Care PlanHas become a leading topic of debate due to the increasing number of uninsured AmericansEducation and preparation for a potential pandemicDue to the high rate international travel, the possibility for a devastating pandemic has increased