History of major advances in medicine, social medicine and hygiene
اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir
اسلاید 2: History of major advances in medicine, social medicine and hygiene Ivana Kolčić, MD, PhD
اسلاید 3: Medicine
اسلاید 4: History of medicine - highlightsepidemics – well known through all of the human historyUntil 16th century every disease in epidemic proportion = "pestis" or "pestilentia"
اسلاید 5: History of medicine - highlightsBernard de Gordon in 14th c. in "Lilium medicinae" describes communicable diseases like: leprosy, anthrax, trachoma, acute fever, scabies, epilepsy, but does not mention plague, which was a pandemic known as “black death"
اسلاید 6: History of medicine - highlightsPlague pandemic started in 1332 in India, spread through China and Russia to Constantinople and ItalyIn the middle of 14th c.- whole Asia, Europe and north Africa…wasteland, extinct cities, corps lying around, with no one to bury them
اسلاید 7: History of medicine - highlights“black death" most prominent in Dalmatia (Split, Zadar, Dubrovnik)In Dubrovnik in 1377 – first quarantine in the world – 40 days of isolation and observation prior to unloading the cargo and people
اسلاید 8: History of medicine - highlightsDuring 14th and 15th century – other epidemics: variola, disentery, scurvy, laprosy…
اسلاید 9: History of medicine - highlights Girolamo Fracastoro – theory about invisible germs that spread and cause diseases Through direct contact, via objects, ability to spread far from the source Refutes Galen’s "miasm theory” (poisonous air and fumes)
اسلاید 10: Girolamo Fracastoro"De contagione et contagiosis morbis“ in 1543 – claims that germs multiply, are poisonous, could be destroyed by fireRecommends regular body hygene, clean environment, water and food sanitation, disinfection
اسلاید 11: History of medicine - highlightsIn Italy, Spain… at the end of 15th century and in 16th c. – new epidemic in Europe – syphilis
اسلاید 12: History of medicine - highlightsMicroscope discoveryAntony van Leeuwenhoek in 1670
اسلاید 13: Antony van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek analyzed blood, saliva, bones, muscles, human eye lens, ect. Achieved magnification up to 40-160 times, later up to 270 times
اسلاید 14: History of medicine - highlightsIn 18th c. doctor from Slovenia Marko Anton Plenčić supports the theory about small living creatures which cause communicable diseasesHe hypothesized that different creature causes different, specific diseaseDescribed human immunity, susceptibility, incubation, disease carriers, some diseases (scarlet fever, variola)
اسلاید 15: History of medicine - highlightsAt the end of 18th c. British doctor Edward Jenner noticed that women who milk cows often get cow pox (much more benign than smallpox) and never get smallpox, as a consequence
اسلاید 16: Edward JennerAfter 20 years of observation – experiment on 8yrs old boy James PhippsJenner took the pus from the hand of a women with cow pox and applied it to the boy – after 6 weeks the boy was exposed to smallpox – didn’t get smallpox Published a book about vaccination in 1798 (vacca=cow)
اسلاید 17: History of medicine - highlightsOnly in 19th century bacteria have been discoveredPollender discovered one of the largest bacteria - anthrax in the blood of dead animals
اسلاید 18: History of medicine - highlightsLouis Pasteur – foundations for modern theory about causes of communicable diseases discovered yeasts introduced pasteurization for wine and milk
اسلاید 19: Louis PasteurInvestigated other pathogenic microorganisms Noticed how anthrax culture loses virulence – when applied to healthy animal it didn’t cause the diseaseCreated vaccine to immnunize rams against anthraxIn 1881. discovered streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria
اسلاید 20: Louis PasteurIn 1885 L. Pasteur introduced vaccination agains rabiesDried spinal cord from dogs died of rabies Pasteur applied for 9yrs old boy Joseph Meistera, who was bitten by a rabid dog – the boy was saved Thanks to Pasteur, countless lives were saved all over the world
اسلاید 21: History of medicine - highlightsDuring 19th c. in England – great cholera epidemicJohn Snow – a doctor perticulary interested in this epidemics in 1854 creates hypothesis that cholera was transmitted via water
اسلاید 22: History of medicine - highlights1882 Robert Koch discovered M. tuberculosis 1890 discovered tuberculin, first considered cure, later became diagnostic tool tuberculosis was a pandemic at the end of 19th c. due to poor social and economic conditions
اسلاید 23: Robert KochKoch also investigated other microorganisms: cholera, plague, malaria, typhus, amoebiasis
اسلاید 24: History of medicine - highlightsAt the end of 19th c. Koch and Pasteur formed new discipline - microbiology
اسلاید 25: History of medicine - highlightsBeginning of 20th c. – discovery of viruses1908 - Karl Landsteiner - poliomyelitis virus1912 - Wilhelm Grueter – herpes virus
اسلاید 26: History of medicine - highlightsIn 1907 Paul Erlich introduced chemotherapy (chemicals that selectively destroy microorganisms, without causing damage to the host)1923 – systematic prophylactic BCG vaccine
اسلاید 27: History of medicine - highlights1928 Alexander Fleming accidental finding that the presence of molds blocked coccus culture growthPenicillium notatum - penicillin
اسلاید 28: History of medicine - highlightsOnly from 1940s penicillin was applied during WWII against coccus bacteria, C. diphtheriae, anthrax, tetanusOver following years – discoveries of other antibiotics, most important was streptomycin (Selman A. Waksman – coined term antibiotic)
اسلاید 29: History of medicine - highlightsDiscovery of microorganisms, antibiotics and vaccines – led to disappearance of fatal epidemics of the past Further progress in medicine, social sciences, technology and economy - led to increased life expectancy in wealthy populations, and change in morbidity and mortality patterns
اسلاید 30: History of medicine - highlightsDuring middle of 20th c. – increase in cardiovascular diseases morbidity and mortality in developed countries Leading causes of death, accompanied with cancers and accidents (traffic)
اسلاید 31: Framingham study started in 1948 in USA – most famous and longest cohort study of cardiovascular diseases risk factors
اسلاید 32: Smoking effects in 1940s?http://www.youtube.comMore Doctors Smoke Camels Than Any Other Cigarette
اسلاید 33: Smoking effectsCountless experiments and studies investigated smoking effectsIn 1951 famous study among British doctors began – smoking and lung cancer association? (R Doll and AB Hill)
اسلاید 34: History of medicine - highlightsSecond half of 20th c. research topics:- Oral antidiabetic therapy- Ionizing radiation and leukaemia- Sacharin and bladder carcinoma Thalidomide effects Estrogen supplementation and endometrial cancer, and breast cancer- Passive smoking- HIV/AIDS- Risk factors for accidents……….
اسلاید 35: Top achievements in medicine?http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/medicine.htmlhttp://www.healthfiend.com/weeklytop/top-10-greatest-medical-discoveries-of-all-time/
اسلاید 36: Jon Queijo: Breakthrough!: How the 10 Greatest Discoveries in Medicine Saved Millions and Changed Our View of the WorldChapter 1. The World’s First Physician: Hippocrates and the Discovery of MedicineChapter 2. How Cholera Saved Civilization: The Discovery of SanitationChapter 3. Invisible Invaders: The Discovery of Germs and How They Cause DiseaseChapter 4. For the Relief of Unbearable Pain: The Discovery of AnesthesiaChapter 5. I’m Looking Through You: The Discovery of X-RaysChapter 6. The Scratch that Saved a Million Lives: The Discovery of VaccinesChapter 7. From Ancient Molds to Modern Miracles: The Discovery of AntibioticsChapter 8. Breaking God’s Code: The Discovery of Heredity, Genetics, and DNAChapter 9. Medicines for the Mind: The Discovery of Drugs for Madness, Sadness, and FearChapter 10. A Return to Tradition: The Rediscovery of Alternative Medicine
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