How to write a scientific paper

How to write a scientific paper

اسلاید 1: WELCOME TO SESSION Three

اسلاید 2: Session Devoted to Article

اسلاید 3: ResearchResearch is a systematic and a replicable process which identifies and defines problems, within specified boundaries. It employs well designed method to collect the data and analyses the results. It disseminates the findings to contribute to generalizeable knowledge.

اسلاید 4: Scientific PaperA scientific paper is a written and published report describing original research results.

اسلاید 5: Categories of papersResearch paper. This category covers papers which report on any type of research undertaken by the author(s). The research may involve the construction or testing of a model or framework, action research, testing of data, market research or surveys, empirical, scientific or clinical research. Viewpoint. Any paper, where content is dependent on the authors opinion and interpretation, should be included in this category; this also includes journalistic pieces. Technical paper. Describes and evaluates technical products, processes or services.

اسلاید 6: Categories of papersConceptual paper. These papers will not be based on research but will develop hypotheses. The papers are likely to be discursive and will cover philosophical discussions and comparative studies of others work and thinking. Case study. Case studies describe actual interventions or experiences within organizations. They may well be subjective and will not generally report on research. A description of a legal case or a hypothetical case study used as a teaching exercise would also fit into this category.

اسلاید 7: Categories of papersLiterature review. It is expected that all types of paper cite any relevant literature so this category should only be used if the main purpose of the paper is to annotate and/or critique the literature in a particular subject area. It may be a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources or it may be comprehensive in that the papers aim is to cover the main contributors to the development of a topic and explore their different views. General review. This category covers those papers which provide an overview or historical examination of some concept, technique or phenomenon. The papers are likely to be more descriptive or instructional (how to papers) than discursive.

اسلاید 8: How to Access Articles (databases)John WileyEmeraldElsevier ScienceBusiness Source Premier SageProQuestSpringer Google Scholar

اسلاید 9: ISI Journal Citation Reports ISI Web of Knowledgeموسسه اطلاعات علمی آمریکا (Institute of scientific information (ISI در سال 1955 نمایه نامه استنادی Science Citation Index را پایه گذاری کرد، در سال 1997 نسخه تحت وب آن با عنوان ISI Web of Science در دسترس قرار گرفت. بیش از 8000 عنوان نشریه در این پایگاه فهرست می شوند. با استفاده از این پایگاه می توان از اعتبار علمی یک مجله مطلع شد و فهمید که یک مقاله خاص در کدام منابع مورد استناد قرار گرفته است. و با توجه به این قضیه ارزش جهانی مقالات یک پژوهشگر از نطر کیفی بررسی می شود.در پایان هر سال، مجله های که ISI درWeb of Science فهرست می کند را، ارزیابی می کند. معیارهای ارزیابی و سنجش عبارتند از عامل تأثیر(Impact factor)، شاخص فوری (Immediately) و نیمه عمر استناد(cited Half – Life) می باشند. نتایج این ارزیابی هر سال درISI Journal Citation Reports منتشر می شود.

اسلاید 10: How to Evaluate ArticlesThe journal impact factor:Impact factor (IF) is it is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period (refer to http://admin-router.isiknowledge.com/?DestApp=JCR)Number of citations: No matter where you have encountered a reference—whether in a recent article, book, or conversation—the Science Citation Index® (SCI®), the Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI®), or the Arts and Humanities Citation Index® (A&HCI®) can tell you where that paper has been cited and then some (refer to http://isiknowledge.com)

اسلاید 11: Try to search for articles in well-known and credited journals, which are also related to your topicExample of good journals for general topics in management:Academy of Management JournalJournal of Management Journal of Management StudiesJournal of Organizational BehaviorHuman Resource Management

اسلاید 12: If you want to see whether a journal is an ISI journal check it in:http://scientific.thomson.com/mjl/If you want to check the citations to a specific author, article or topic, check it in :http://isiknowledge.comIf you want to view a report of citations of journals and their impact factors you could find it in: http://admin-router.isiknowledge.com/?DestApp=JCR

اسلاید 13: Components of an ArticleTitleAbstractIntroductionLiterature reviewMethodResultsDiscussionReferences

اسلاید 14: Title Title accurately reflects the upcoming body of the paper and conveys expectations to the reviewers of both content and approach, and authors are always better served by being accurate and circumspect rather than by creating false expectations.

اسلاید 15: Abstract An abstract is a succinct summary of a longer piece of work, usually academic in nature, which is published in isolation from the main text and therefore stands on its own and is understandable without reference to the longer piece. It reports the latters essential facts, and does not exaggerate or contain material that is not there. Its purpose is to act as a reference tool (for example in a library abstracting service), enabling the reader to decide whether or not to read the full text.

اسلاید 16: Abstract includes:principal objective and scopemethodology summary of results principal conclusions

اسلاید 17: Introduction The main function of the introduction is to provide readers with a funneling framework: the general nature of the management problem being investigated, previous research on the management issue, and how the paper fills some niche or gap in that literature.

اسلاید 18: Literature ReviewA literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic.

اسلاید 19: Literature ReviewA literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports.

اسلاید 20: Method Purpose: gives enough information so that the research could be reproduced by a competent colleague. Materials: gives specific sourcesMethods: explains research stepsFacilitates finding of specific information; often these may also be used in the Results section. Sometimes it is combined with Results

اسلاید 21: Results a. Clarifies the object of each research, referring to tables and figures. b. Points out salient features e.g. A is greater than B (without giving values); something is linear over a certain range of concentrations, etc. c. Sometimes it is combined with Discussion section.

اسلاید 22: Discussion In most Cases the section has three or four parts depending on the nature of the study:1. A brief summary of the results2. A discussion of the limitations of the research 3. Directions for future research4. implications for management

اسلاید 23: DiscussionPresents principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by results. Points out exceptions or lack of correlation; defines unsettled points. Shows how results agree or contrast with published work. Discusses theoretical implications and practical applicationsStates conclusion(s), giving evidence for each

اسلاید 24: References The American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely accepted in the social sciences and other fields, such as education, business, and nursing. The APA citation format requires parenthetical citations within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citations in the text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of publication, to lead the reader to the source of information in the reference list at the end of the paper.http://www.apastyle.org/

اسلاید 25: Reference ExamplesJournal Articles General FormAuthor, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, xx(XX), xxx-xxx.Books General FormAuthor, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

اسلاید 26: GOOD LUCK!