Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم 

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‎lit: |‏ یله روز تیا ‎Communication‏ ‎Technologies ana‏ ‎ ‎Tabriz University Dec 2009 

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Outlines: * Why ICTs? — Improving incomes — Education ۰ Digital Divide 

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Policies to Ensure Access for the Poorest — Privatization — Competition — Regulation Innovation Control Digital Divide in 2009 

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ICTs * Information and Communication Technologies: — Telephone — Internet — Television — Radio 

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ICTs and Poverty Alleviation — Improving incomes — Education — Health — Reducing the vulnerability 

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Improving incomes * A survey of some of the 21,000 farmers enrolled in radio-backed farm forums in Zambia showed that 90 percent found programs relevant and more than 50 percent credited the programs and forums with increasing their crop yields. 

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* In Kenya, the Naushad Trading Company (http://www.ntclimited.com), which sells local woodcarvings, pottery, and baskets, has seen revenue growth from US$ 10,000 to over US$ 2 million in the two years since it went online. 

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Education * Mexico and Mali, for literacy training * Thailand, to teach mathematics to school children, and for teacher training and other curricula * The Dominion Republic and Paraguay, in support of primary education 

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* Anumber of Internet-based education programs — ENLACES in Chile — the World Bank’s WorldLinks program. 

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Digital Divide Global Distribution of ICTs: — Radio and Television — Telephone — Internet 

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Radio And Television * Radio is listened to every week by as much as 80 percent of the populations of many developing countries. * Studies suggests that even the poorest developing countries also have more televisions per capita than would be suggested by their income level. 

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Telephone * Rwanda has a population of over 6.5 million. In 1998, it had 11,000 telephones—about half the number of telephones as Gibraltar, with a population of 27,000. Within Rwanda, these telephones were almost exclusively concentrated in Kigali. There were 4 telephones per hundred people in the capital city, compared to 4 per 10,000 in the rest of the country. 

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Internet ۰ in 1998, Bangladesh had a population of 125 million, with just over 1,000 Internet users. * Africa generates only 0.4 percent of global content. Excluding South Africa, the rest of Africa generates a mere 0.02 percent. * 98 percent of Ethiopian Internet users had a university degree * Only 38 percent of the population polled in urban Latin America who use a computer and Internet are women. 

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20% D i 0 ita | D i vid ‏:ع‎ Global Distribution of ICTs by 10% Income-Level Groups = om = ‏كك‎ 100% 90% a 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% r | ‏لا‎ ‎population ۷ Telephone GDP Internet 

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Policies to Ensure Access for the Poorest * A range of studies suggest that there can be dramatic increases in access to telephone and Internet services, through a telecommunications- sector reform program based on three pillars: — privatization — competition — Independent regulation 

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Privatization * Arecent study of African Internet service providers suggests that countries with a highly liberalized telecommunications network had costs of Internet access eight times lower than those with a completely closed market. 

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Countries with more open telecommunications sectors also had more host sites, lower monthly Internet charges, a greater number of providers, and higher rates of Internet penetration. Opening the broadcast sector to independent operators can also have a dramatic impact on the range and quality of programming. 

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Basic Line Grows in 3 environments State Monopoly Privatized Monopoly Privatized Competition Yearly Line Grows (Percent) 

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Competition * Gaining full benefit from private- sector participation and liberalization also requires the regulatory environment of the communications industry to be conducive to a well functioning competitive market. 

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Regulation * Service requirements are a simple method used by regulatory agencies to ensure a certain minimum level or distribution of telecommunications development within a country. * They are primarily written as conditions into the license of an operator. 

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Innovation * In Kothmale, Sri Lanka, a joint project between UNESCO, the Ministry of Posts , Telecommunications and the Media, the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, and the Sri Lanka 7e/ecommunication Regulatory Commission uses radio as an interface between rural people and the Internet. 

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* A daily one hour live radio program in which an announcer and a panel of resource persons browse the Internet at the requests of listeners, has proven to be capable of overcoming linguistic barriers in using the Internet by non-English speakers. 

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Control * provision of infrastructure is only the first step in exploiting ICTs for development: —in Mexico, of 23 telecenters set up in rural areas around the country, only five remained functional after two years. + Insufficient maintenance funding, 

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Acculturate * Without appropriate content, the Internet will not be relevant to the poor in developing countries. 

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Conclusions * Utilizing private investment and entrepreneurship to its full extent, then providing government support to ‘fill in the gaps,’ developing countries can go a long way in overcoming the digital divide and use ICTs as a powerful tool of poverty relief. 

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Appendix: Digital Divide in 2009 + High Income-Level: — United States - United Kingdom — Switzerland * Middle Income-Level: — tran — Turkey — United Arab Emirates + Low Income-Level: — Rwanda - Bangladesh - Angola 

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"۷" 2000 2007 Population (million) 3507 3001 200 150 100 50 

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Telephone lines (per 100 people) "2000 ۳12007 FF SP Sw KF CF SF ‏عي‎ ‎x X ‏کي کی کی‎ 4 ‏م‎ 8 s 0 

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Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) سچ 0 لق 1601 1401 1201 +100 801 ;60 ;40 20 

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Personal computers (per 100 people) SF S CY SF EF ‏کي‎ ‎eo ‏كو ۵ & يه‎ 

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Households with a television set (%) )120 1001 80 60 2000 = 40 22007 5 ‎se > &‏ ° ‎so BS 2‏ 9 بي حت ص کی ‎FF FS‏ كو کي كس 23 عي ف ‎s‏ ata on (Iran,2007) is not available 

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Internet users (per 100 people) 

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Population covered by mobile cellular network (%) ata on (Angola,2000) is not available 

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References Charles Kenny, Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty, 2001 Information and Communications for Development, 2009, World Bank 

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Thank you 

بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty Tabriz University Dec 2009 Outlines: • Why ICTs? – Improving incomes – Education • Digital Divide • Policies to Ensure Access for the Poorest – Privatization – Competition – Regulation • Innovation • Control • Digital Divide in 2009 ICTs • Information and Communication Technologies: – Telephone – Internet – Television – Radio –… ICTs and Poverty Alleviation – Improving incomes – Education – Health – Reducing the vulnerability –… Improving incomes • A survey of some of the 21,000 farmers enrolled in radio-backed farm forums in Zambia showed that 90 percent found programs relevant and more than 50 percent credited the programs and forums with increasing their crop yields. • In Kenya, the Naushad Trading Company (http://www.ntclimited.com), which sells local woodcarvings, pottery, and baskets, has seen revenue growth from US$ 10,000 to over US$ 2 million in the two years since it went online. Education • Mexico and Mali, for literacy training • Thailand, to teach mathematics to school children, and for teacher training and other curricula • The Dominion Republic and Paraguay, in support of primary education • A number of Internet-based education programs – ENLACES in Chile – the World Bank’s WorldLinks program. Digital Divide Global Distribution of ICTs: – Radio and Television – Telephone – Internet Radio And Television • Radio is listened to every week by as much as 80 percent of the populations of many developing countries. • Studies suggests that even the poorest developing countries also have more televisions per capita than would be suggested by their income level. Telephone • Rwanda has a population of over 6.5 million. In 1998, it had 11,000 telephones—about half the number of telephones as Gibraltar, with a population of 27,000. Within Rwanda, these telephones were almost exclusively concentrated in Kigali. There were 4 telephones per hundred people in the capital city, compared to 4 per 10,000 in the rest of the country. Internet • in 1998, Bangladesh had a population of 125 million, with just over 1,000 Internet users. • Africa generates only 0.4 percent of global content. Excluding South Africa, the rest of Africa generates a mere 0.02 percent. • 98 percent of Ethiopian Internet users had a university degree • Only 38 percent of the population polled in urban Latin America who use a computer and Internet are women. Digital Divide: Global Distribution of ICTs by Income-Level Groups 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% population TV Telephone GDP Internet Policies to Ensure Access for the Poorest • A range of studies suggest that there can be dramatic increases in access to telephone and Internet services, through a telecommunicationssector reform program based on three pillars: – privatization – competition – Independent regulation Privatization • A recent study of African Internet service providers suggests that countries with a highly liberalized telecommunications network had costs of Internet access eight times lower than those with a completely closed market. • Countries with more open telecommunications sectors also had more host sites, lower monthly Internet charges, a greater number of providers, and higher rates of Internet penetration. • Opening the broadcast sector to independent operators can also have a dramatic impact on the range and quality of programming. Basic Line Grows in 3 environments 25 Yearly Line Grows (Percent) 20 15 10 5 0 State Monopoly Privatized Monopoly Privatized Competition Competition • Gaining full benefit from privatesector participation and liberalization also requires the regulatory environment of the communications industry to be conducive to a well functioning competitive market. Regulation • Service requirements are a simple method used by regulatory agencies to ensure a certain minimum level or distribution of telecommunications development within a country. • They are primarily written as conditions into the license of an operator. Innovation • In Kothmale, Sri Lanka, a joint project between UNESCO, the Ministry of Posts , Telecommunications and the Media, the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, and the Sri Lanka Telecommunication Regulatory Commission uses radio as an interface between rural people and the Internet. • A daily one hour live radio program in which an announcer and a panel of resource persons browse the Internet at the requests of listeners, has proven to be capable of overcoming linguistic barriers in using the Internet by non-English speakers. Control • provision of infrastructure is only the first step in exploiting ICTs for development: – in Mexico, of 23 telecenters set up in rural areas around the country, only five remained functional after two years. • Insufficient maintenance funding, Acculturate • Without appropriate content, the Internet will not be relevant to the poor in developing countries. Conclusions • Utilizing private investment and entrepreneurship to its full extent, then providing government support to ‘fill in the gaps,’ developing countries can go a long way in overcoming the digital divide and use ICTs as a powerful tool of poverty relief. Appendix: Digital Divide in 2009 • High Income-Level: – United States – United Kingdom – Switzerland • Middle Income-Level: – Iran – Turkey – United Arab Emirates • Low Income-Level: – Rwanda – Bangladesh – Angola Population (million) 350 300 250 200 150 2000 2007 100 50 0 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba Telephone lines (per 100 people) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2007 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2007 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba Personal computers (per 100 people) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2007 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba Households with a television set (%) 120 100 80 60 2000 2007 40 20 0 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur Data on (Iran,2007) is not available U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba Internet users (per 100 people) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2007 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba Population covered by mobile cellular network (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2007 U S U K Sw it z e d n rla Ira n T y e k ur ata on (Angola,2000) is not available U AE a la sh d o e g an n ad l w A g R n Ba References • Charles Kenny, Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty, 2001 • Information and Communications for Development, 2009, World Bank Thank you