Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty
اسلاید 1: بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
اسلاید 2: Information and Communication Technologies and PovertyTabriz UniversityDec 2009
اسلاید 3: Outlines:Why ICTs?Improving incomesEducationDigital Divide
اسلاید 4: Policies to Ensure Access for the PoorestPrivatizationCompetitionRegulationInnovationControlDigital Divide in 2009
اسلاید 5: ICTsInformation and Communication Technologies:TelephoneInternetTelevisionRadio…
اسلاید 6: ICTs and Poverty AlleviationImproving incomesEducationHealthReducing the vulnerability…
اسلاید 7: Improving incomesA survey of some of the 21,000 farmers enrolled in radio-backed farm forums in Zambia showed that 90 percent found programs relevant and more than 50 percent credited the programs and forums with increasing their crop yields.
اسلاید 8: In Kenya, the Naushad Trading Company (http://www.ntclimited.com), which sells local woodcarvings, pottery, and baskets, has seen revenue growth from US$ 10,000 to over US$ 2 million in the two years since it went online.
اسلاید 9: EducationMexico and Mali, for literacy trainingThailand, to teach mathematics to school children, and for teacher training and other curriculaThe Dominion Republic and Paraguay, in support of primary education
اسلاید 10: A number of Internet-based education programsENLACES in Chile the World Bank’s WorldLinks program.
اسلاید 11: Digital DivideGlobal Distribution of ICTs:Radio and TelevisionTelephoneInternet
اسلاید 12: Radio And TelevisionRadio is listened to every week by as much as 80 percent of the populations of many developing countries. Studies suggests that even the poorest developing countries also have more televisions per capita than would be suggested by their income level.
اسلاید 13: TelephoneRwanda has a population of over 6.5 million. In 1998, it had 11,000 telephones—about half the number of telephones as Gibraltar, with a population of 27,000. Within Rwanda, these telephones were almost exclusively concentrated in Kigali. There were 4 telephones per hundred people in the capital city, compared to 4 per 10,000 in the rest of the country.
اسلاید 14: Internetin 1998, Bangladesh had a population of 125 million, with just over 1,000 Internet users.Africa generates only 0.4 percent of global content. Excluding South Africa, the rest of Africa generates a mere 0.02 percent.98 percent of Ethiopian Internet users had a university degreeOnly 38 percent of the population polled in urban Latin America who use a computer and Internet are women.
اسلاید 15: Digital Divide: Global Distribution of ICTs by Income-Level Groups
اسلاید 16: Policies to Ensure Access for the PoorestA range of studies suggest that there can be dramatic increases in access to telephone and Internet services, through a telecommunications- sector reform program based on three pillars:privatizationcompetition Independent regulation
اسلاید 17: PrivatizationA recent study of African Internet service providers suggests that countries with a highly liberalized telecommunications network had costs of Internet access eight times lower than those with a completely closed market.
اسلاید 18: Countries with more open telecommunications sectors also had more host sites, lower monthly Internet charges, a greater number of providers, and higher rates of Internet penetration.Opening the broadcast sector to independent operators can also have a dramatic impact on the range and quality of programming.
اسلاید 19: Basic Line Grows in 3 environments
اسلاید 20: CompetitionGaining full benefit from private-sector participation and liberalization also requires the regulatory environment of the communications industry to be conducive to a well functioning competitive market.
اسلاید 21: RegulationService requirements are a simple method used by regulatory agencies to ensure a certain minimum level or distribution of telecommunications development within a country. They are primarily written as conditions into the license of an operator.
اسلاید 22: InnovationIn Kothmale, Sri Lanka, a joint project between UNESCO, the Ministry of Posts , Telecommunications and the Media, the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, and the Sri Lanka Telecommunication Regulatory Commission uses radio as an interface between rural people and the Internet.
اسلاید 23: A daily one hour live radio program in which an announcer and a panel of resource persons browse the Internet at the requests of listeners, has proven to be capable of overcoming linguistic barriers in using the Internet by non-English speakers.
اسلاید 24: Controlprovision of infrastructure is only the first step in exploiting ICTs for development:in Mexico, of 23 telecenters set up in rural areas around the country, only five remained functional after two years.Insufficient maintenance funding,
اسلاید 25: AcculturateWithout appropriate content, the Internet will not be relevant to the poor in developing countries.
اسلاید 26: ConclusionsUtilizing private investment and entrepreneurship to its full extent, then providing government support to ‘fill in the gaps,’ developing countries can go a long way in overcoming the digital divide and use ICTs as a powerful tool of poverty relief.
اسلاید 27: Appendix: Digital Divide in 2009High Income-Level:United States United Kingdom SwitzerlandMiddle Income-Level:IranTurkeyUnited Arab EmiratesLow Income-Level:RwandaBangladeshAngola
اسلاید 28: Population (million)
اسلاید 29: Telephone lines (per 100 people)
اسلاید 30: Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
اسلاید 31: Personal computers (per 100 people)
اسلاید 32: Households with a television set (%)Data on (Iran,2007) is not available
اسلاید 33: Internet users (per 100 people)
اسلاید 34: Population covered by mobile cellular network (%)Data on (Angola,2000) is not available
اسلاید 35: ReferencesCharles Kenny, Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty, 2001Information and Communications for Development, 2009, World Bank
اسلاید 36: Thank you
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