Language in Asia
اسلاید 1: Language in AsiaBill Baxter29 October 2007
اسلاید 2: OverviewActually, not all of Asia (mostly, South, Southeast, and East)That excludes (for example) Iraq, Iran, Asian part of Russia…So many languages, so little time
اسلاید 3: Map of Southern Asia
اسلاید 4: Main topicsSpoken language ≠ written languageSpoken language in AsiaWritten language in AsiaLanguage and historyEurope discovers the languages of Asia
اسلاید 5: Spoken vs. written languageSpoken language is primary; written language is secondaryEverybody talks (almost); only some write. Speech is built into our biology; writing isn’t.Many spoken languages have no written form.Writing is only ~ 5,000 years old; spoken language is probably much older (maybe 40,000 - 80,000 years old?).The same language can be written with different scripts; different languages can be written with the same script. (Languages may look alike but sound very different, and vice versa)
اسلاید 6: Each dot represents a (spoken) language:Source: http://www.ethnologue.com/, 25 October 2005
اسلاید 7: Families of (spoken) languagesDescended from a common ancestral languageEx. 1: Romance languages (47, including French, Spanish, Italian), descended from Latin (attested)Ex. 2: Germanic languages (53, including German, Dutch, English, Swedish), descended from “Proto-Germanic” (not attested, but can be reconstructed from the daughter languages)
اسلاید 8: The Indo-European family (449)Includes most languages of Europe, but also Indo-Iranian.
اسلاید 9: Selected language families of Asia (1)Indo-Iranian branch of IE : Indic (= Indo-Aryan, 219) and Iranian languages (87)Dravidian (73): Brahui (in Pakistan); Tamil (in India and Sri Lanka), Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, etc.)‘Altaic’ (66): Turkic (40), Mongolian (14), Tungusic (12; = ‘Manchu-Tungus’ = ‘Tungus-Manchu’) in Northern AsiaJapanese, Korean (probably related to each other, maybe part of Altaic(continued…)
اسلاید 10: Language families of Asia (2)Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languagesAustronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languagesmay include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China) Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia.Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India.
اسلاید 11: Indo-Iranian: Iranian branch
اسلاید 12: Languages of India (Indo-Iranian and others)Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684A.gif© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
اسلاید 13: Languages of India (Dravidian)Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684A.gif© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
اسلاید 14: Languages of India (Sino-Tibetan)Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684A.gif© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
اسلاید 15: The Altaic family (controversial)Source: http://ehl.santafe.edu/maps/Altaic.gif, 25 Oct 2005
اسلاید 16: The Turkic family (part of Altaic?)
اسلاید 17: Language families of Asia (2)Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languagesAustronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languagesmay include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China) Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia.Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India.
اسلاید 18: The Sino-Tibetan family
اسلاید 19: The Austronesian family
اسلاید 20: Tai-KadaiSource: http://www.proel.org/mundo/tai3.gif, 25 Oct 2005
اسلاید 21: Hmong-Mien (= “Miao-Yao”)Source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=379726&typeId=17, 29 Oct 2007
اسلاید 22: Language groups in China
اسلاید 23: The Austroasiatic family
اسلاید 24: How are language families identified?Shared items of basic vocabulary (items not likely to be borrowed), showing regular sound correspondences.Where possible, shared morphology (prefixes, suffixes, etc., with grammatical functions)Members of the same family may look very different because of the accumulation of changes over time; and languages can be structurally similar without belonging to the same family.
اسلاید 25: Tagalog and Malay (~ Indonesian): some basic vocabularyTAGALOGINDONESIANTAGALOGINDONESIAN1BLOODdugodarah17MOONbuwanbulan2BONEbutotulang18NAMEngalannama3DIEparammati19NEWbagobaru4DOGasoanjing20ONEisaesa5EARtengatelinga21SALTasinasin6EGGitlogtelur22STONEbatobatu7EYEmatamata23SUNarawmatahari8FIREapoyapi24TAILbuntotekor9FISHisdaikan25THISito, iriini10FULLpunopenuh26TONGUEdilalidah11GIVEbigaykasi27TOOTHngipingigi12HANDkamaytangan28TWOdalawadua13HORNsungaytanduk29WATERtubigair14I, MEalpaku30WIND (n.)hanginangin15KNOWalamkenal, tahu31YEARtaontahun16LOUSEkutokutu32YOU (sg.)ikawawak
اسلاید 26: Tagalog and Malay (similar words)TAGALOGMALAYTAGALOGMALAY1BLOODdugóqdarah17MOONbuwanbulan2BONEbutotulang18NAMEngalannama3DIEpatáymati19NEWbagobaru4DOGásoanjing20ONEisaesa5EARtaqingatelinga21SALTasinasin6EGGitlogtelur22STONEbatobatu7EYEmatamata23SUNarawmatahari8FIREapóyapi24TAILbuntotekor9FISHisdáqikan25THISito, iriini10FULLpunopenuh26TONGUEdilalidah11GIVEbigaykasi27TOOTHngipingigi12HANDkamáytangan28TWOdalawadua13HORNsungaytanduk29WATERtubigair14I, MEakoaku30WIND (n.)hanginangin15KNOWalam [< Arabic]kenal, tahu31YEARtaqóntahun16LOUSEkutokutu21YOU (sg.)ikawawak
اسلاید 27: Regular sound correspondencesTagalog /t/ = Malay /t/:TagalogMalay1EGGitlogtelur2DIEmatamata3EYEbigatberat4HEAVYbigatberat5YEARtaqónléhér6TO SLEEPtulugtahun
اسلاید 28: Regular sound correspondencesTagalog /g/ = Malay /r/:TagalogMalay1EGGitlogtelur2SANDpasigpasir3HEAVYbigatberat4NEWbagobaru5NECKliqigléhér6TO SLEEPtulugtidur
اسلاید 29: Tone languages (Chinese & others)The same consonants and vowels, pronounced with different pitch contours or tunes, indicate different words (not just different emotional attitudes)Tone languages include the various ‘dialects’ of Chinesesome (not all) other Sino-Tibetan languagesVietnameseKra-Dai languages (including Thai)Hmong-Mien languages
اسلاید 30: Tones in Mandarin Chinese妈 (媽) mā ‘mother’ 麻 (麻) má ‘hemp’ 马 (馬) mǎ ‘horse’ 骂 (駡) mà ‘scold, attack verbally’ 吗 (嗎) ma (sentence-final particle indicating a yes-no question)(妈 is the simplified character, 媽 is the traditionalcharacter.)
اسلاید 31: An example sentence妈骂马;马骂妈吗? 媽駡馬;馬罵媽嗎? Mā mà mǎ; mǎ mà mā ma? ‘Mother scolds the horse; does the horse scold Mother?’
اسلاید 32: Origins of writing in eastern AsiaChinese writing (begins ~13th century BCE): spreads to Korea, Japan, VietnamAlphabetic systems (ultimately traceable to the Aramaic version of the Semitic alphabet):Early (Brahmi and other central Asian scripts)Later (Arabic alphabet adapted for Persian, Urdu, etc.)New scripts influenced by older onesChinese-like scripts invented from scratchKorean Hangeul alphabet (invented from scratch)
اسلاید 33: Stages in the development of Chinese writing:Pottery markings (~ 3000 B.C.E.?)‘Oracle bones’ (13th-11th c. B.C.E.)Inscriptions on bronze vessels (13th-3d c. B.C.E.)Brush and ink on bamboo or silk (rag paper invented ~ 105 C.E.); printingScript reform (Japan after 1945; China from 1950s): ‘simplified’ characters (fewer variant characters, fewer strokes in each character)Computer fonts and encodings
اسلاید 34: Oracle bones (turtle plastron)
اسلاید 35: Máo gōng dǐng 毛公鼎, ca. 900 BCE (Taipei, Former Palace Museum)
اسلاید 36: Shāng 商 dynasty bronze inscription, ~1100 BCE作父丁寶尊彝‘ made [for] Father Dīng [this] precious treasured vessel’
اسلاید 37: A Chinese typewriter (1970’s)
اسلاید 38: Asahi Shimbun on the World Series (today)Ｒソックスが４ﾑ３で勝利 ３年ぶり７度目の世界王者2007年10月29日13時11分 米大リーグのワールドシリーズ（４戦先勝制）第４戦、レッドソックス（ア・リーグ）対ロッキーズ（ナ・リーグ）戦が２８日（日本時間２９日）、コロラド州のデンバーであり、松坂と岡島が所属するレッドソックスが、ロッキーズに４ﾑ３で４連勝し、３年ぶり７度目のワールドチャンピオンに輝いた。松井 稼頭央MATSUI Kazuō
اسلاید 39: Chosun Ilbo on the World Series (2005)[weol.deu.si.ri.jeu] si.ka.go hwa.i.teu sak.seu, ...
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