Medical Botany

Medical Botany

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: Medical BotanyIntroduction: History of Plant Use in Medicine

اسلاید 3: Prehistoric timesNo one knows where or when plants first began to be used to treat diseaseAccidental discovery of some new plant food that eased pain might have been the beginning of folk knowledgeEarly evidence: the grave of a Neanderthal man buried 60,000 years ago. Pollen analysis indicated that plants buried with the corpse were all of medicinal value

اسلاید 4: Recorded historyEarliest record 4,000 year old Sumerian clay tablet recorded numerous plant remediesAncient Egyptian civilization left a wealth of information on medicinal plants and medical practice

اسلاید 5: Ancient EgyptWealth of knowledge in medicinePhysicians highly respected and very specializedSeveral important medical papyriEbers PapyrusEdwin Smith PapyrusHearst PapyrusKahun Gynecological Papyrus

اسلاید 6: Edwin Smith PapyrusPurchased by Edwin Smith in Luxor, Egypt in 1862Written around 1700 BC but most of the information is based on older records from around 2640 BC - Imhoteps timeImhoteps was physician of 3rd DynastyThe papyrus mainly covers wounds, and how to treat them

اسلاید 7: Ebers PapyrusFrom 1550 B.C. one of the oldestMost important and complete medical papyrus recovered Hieratic script (similar to hieroglyphics)20.23 m in length and 30 cm. in height 110 pages scroll contains 700 magical formulas and folk remedies

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اسلاید 9: Ebers PapyrusPurchased in Luxor in 1862 by Edwin SmithSaid to have been found between the legs of a mummy on the west bankPossibly came from tomb of a doctorPurchased by Georg Ebers in 1873Now in Germany at University Library of Leipzig

اسلاید 10: Ebers PapyrusContains chapters on intestinal disease ophthalmology dermatologygynecology, obstetrics, pregnancy diagnosis, contraception dentistrysurgical treatment of abscesses, tumors, fractures and burns

اسلاید 11: Ebers PapyrusAlso includes:Description of the circulatory system existence of blood vessels throughout the body heart’s function as a center of the blood supplyReferences to diabetes mellitus, hookworm and filariasis, arthritis Section on psychiatry - describes a condition of severe despondency

اسلاید 12: Ancient ChinaThe Pun-tsao, a pharmacopoeia published around 1600Contained thousands of herbal cures that are attributed to the works of Shen-nung, Chinas legendary Emperor who lived 4500 years agoEmperor Shen-nung investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbsKnowledge passed on orally for centuriesUse of Ephedra for asthma one of these

اسلاید 13: Ancient India Herbal medicine dates back several thousand years to the Rig-Veda, the collection of Hindu sacred versesThis is the basis of a health care system known as Ayurvedic medicineOne useful plant that has come from Ayurvedic tradition is snakeroot, Rauwolfia serpentina

اسلاید 14: Foundations of western medicineThese ancient records indicate that in all parts of the world native peoples discovered and developed medicinal uses of local plantsHerbal medicine of ancient Greece laid the foundations of our Western medicine

اسلاید 15: Ancient Greek and Roman medicine Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), the Father of Medicine used various herbal remedies in his treatmentsTheophrastus - Father of BotanyRoman physician Dioscorides (1st century A.D.) wrote De Materia Medica which contained an account of over 600 species of plants with medicinal valueRoman physician Galen (2nd century)

اسلاید 16: De Materia MedicaPharmacopoeia which was universally used in the Greek, Roman and Arab worlds from the 2nd century till 16thIn De Materia Medica, Dioscorides listed 600 plants, 90 minerals and 30 animal products, with a drawing of each one and a note of its therapeutic properties

اسلاید 17: Illustrations from De Materia Medica

اسلاید 18: De Materia MedicaDescriptions of plants, directions on the preparation, uses, and side effects Many still in use willow bark tea - precursor to aspirinSome have been lostGreek and Roman women used silphium as an effective contraceptive for 1,000 yrs - now extinctStandard medical reference for 1500 years

اسلاید 19: Silphium or SilphionA plant in the genus Ferula – parsley familyRelated to giant fennel (not the cooking herb)Used by ancient women for contraceptionDuring Greek and Roman Civilization, rare plant growing in a narrow 30 mile band along the dry mountain sides facing the Mediterranean Sea in northern Africa near the city of Cyrene (area is now part of Libya)

اسلاید 20: Silphium on Ancient Greek Coins

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اسلاید 22: After Fall of RomeLittle new knowledge was added in Europe during the Dark AgesDe Materia Medica was copied and recopiedNew illustrationsTranslations into other languagesAnnotationsSome of the most famous copies made during this timeKnowledge added in Arab world

اسلاید 23: During the Middle AgesWestern knowledge preserved in monasteries Manuscripts were translated or copied for monastery libraries The monks gathered herbs in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardensThese were prepared for the sick and injuredMonastery gardens still may be found in many countries

اسلاید 24: The First Apothecary ShopsFirst drug stores established by Moslems in Bagdad late in the 8th centuryArab physicians not only preserved the Greco-Roman wisdom, but added to it When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and southern France, some of their practices were introduced to EuropeCrusades introduced more Islamic plant knowledge and practices back to Europe

اسلاید 25: AvicennaIbn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), a Persian who was called Avicenna by the Western worldPharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat - considered a geniusHis pharmaceutical and medical teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century

اسلاید 26: Age of herbalsBeginning of Renaissance in the early 15th century saw a renewal of learning in all fieldsBotanically - revival of herbalism for medicinal plantsCoupled with the invention of the printing press in 1440 ushered in the Age of Herbals

اسلاید 27: HerbalsBeautifully illustrated books that described plantsWhen to collect, useful partsMedicinal and culinary usesAlso included a lot of misinformation and superstitionOften advocated the Doctrine of Signatures

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اسلاید 29: Doctrine of SignaturesMedicinal use recognized by distinct signatures visible on the plant which corresponded to human anatomyRed juice of bloodwort to treat blood disordersLobed appearance of liverworts to aid the liver Belief in this concept developed independently among different cultures

اسلاید 30: Medicine and BotanyDuring this time, medical schools were established in EuropeStudy of both medicine and botanyMedical students knew the herbsThese were the early botanists

اسلاید 31: 18th Century As science progressed, a dichotomy in medicine developed between practitioners of herbal medicine and regular physiciansAbout this same time a similar split occurred between herbalism and scientific botany

اسلاید 32: Path to modern medicineMany herbal remedies had a sound scientific basisSome became useful prescriptions drugsWilliam Withering was the first to scientifically investigate a folk remedyHis studies (1775-1785) of foxglove to treat dropsy (congestive heart failure) set standard for pharmaceutical chemistry

اسلاید 33: 19th Century Scientists began purifying the active extracts from medicinal plantsBreakthrough in pharmaceutical chemistry came when Serturner isolated morphine from opium poppy in 1806First synthetic drugs were developed in the middle of the 19th century based on natural products

اسلاید 34: 20th CenturyDirect use of plant extracts continued to decrease in the late 19th and 20th centuriesToday medicinal plants still contribute significantly to prescription drugs25% of prescriptions written in the U.S. contain plant-derived active ingredients50% if fungal products are includedAn even larger percent based on semi-synthetic or wholly synthetic ingredients originally isolated from plants

اسلاید 35: Late 20th to early 21st centuries Renewed interest in investigating plants for medically useful compounds Recent success of Taxol7 from the Pacific yew tree has shown that this interest is worth pursuing

اسلاید 36: Growth of Alternative MedicineDramatic increase in the use of alternative medical treatments Complementary and Alternative Medicine - CAMRefers to a wide range of therapies outside the mainstream of traditional Western medicine: aromatherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic manipulation, herbal medicine, hypnosis, and massage therapy

اسلاید 37: CAMPlants and plant extracts (often called botanicals) figure prominently in alternative treatmentsherbal remedies aromatherapySales of herbal remedies amount to approximately $3 billion per year in the U.S. and constitute close to 30% of the total sales for dietary supplements

اسلاید 38: Dietary SupplementsHerbal remedies considered “dietary supplements” by the U.S. FDATraditionally, dietary supplements referred to vitamins, minerals, other essential nutrientsDietary Supplement Health Education Act of 1994 expanded the category to include other products such as herbs, other botanicals, amino acids, and metabolites

اسلاید 39: FDA RegulationsDietary supplements are not required to undergo the same type of testing or approval that are required for prescription drugs or over-the-counter drugsFDA requires extensive testing and clinical studies of drugs to determine their safety, proper dosages, effectiveness, possible side effects and interactions with other substances Dietary supplements are not subject to these

اسلاید 40: DSHEABased on the DSHEA, the manufacturer of a dietary supplement is responsible for ensuring that the product is safePrior approval is not required before saleFDA has responsibility to take action if a dietary supplement is later shown unsafeIn 2001, comfrey (Symphytim officinale) removed from products due to liver toxicity

اسلاید 41: Herbal remediesAlthough not considered drugs by FDA, most contain active compounds that may offer health benefits or possibly cause adverse reactions40% of US population using some form of CAM - many do not tell physiciansMany can react with prescription medication - i.e., Ginkgo

اسلاید 42: Traditional (herbal) medicine today75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health careMedicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village marketsPractitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies

اسلاید 43: Peoples Republic of China Traditional herbal medicine incorporated into a modern health care systemBlend of herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Western medicine Thousands of species of medicinal herbs are available for the Chinese herbalistChinese apothecaries contain an incredible assortment of dried plant specimensPrescriptions filled with blends of specific herbs

اسلاید 44: India Traditional systems separate from Western medicineAt universities medical students are trained in Western medicineMost people use traditional systems:Ayurvedic medicine - Hindu originUnani medicine - Muslim and Greek originEconomics also a factor - manufactured pharmaceuticals too expensive for most

اسلاید 45: Other areasInterest in medicinal plants has focused on indigenous peoples in many parts of the worldEthnobotanists are spending time with local tribes and learning their medical lore before they are lost foreverEspecially important among native peoples in the tropical rain forests

اسلاید 46: Tropical rain forests Widespread destruction threatens to eliminate thousands of species that have never been scientifically investigated for medical potentialErosion of tribal cultures is also a threat to the knowledge of herbal practicesAs younger members of native groups are drawn away from tribal lifestyles, oral traditions are not passed on

اسلاید 47: WHO encourages the practice and improvement of traditional medicine75 to 85% of the world’s people still rely on traditional medicine to provide basic healthcareThe native materia medica, derived from locally available medicinal plants, is the mainstay of this grass-roots ethnomedical systemDocumentation of these folk pharmacopoeias can expand the traditional healer’s place in worldDiagnostic criteria and diseases in conventional medicine need to be correlated with those in traditional medicine