The Future of Design for Construction Safety
اسلاید 1: The Future of Design for Construction Safety 18th Annual Construction Safety Conference Rosemont, IL February 12, 2008 John Gambatese, PhD, PE Assoc. Prof., Civil & Construction Engineering, Oregon State University Mike Toole, PhD, PE Assoc. Prof., Civil & Env. Engineering, Bucknell University Brad Giles, CSP, PE Vice President ESH&S, URS Washington Division
اسلاید 2: OverviewIntroduction to DfCSPrinciples and ProcessU.S. and AbroadResources and examplesLessons from the fieldWhere DfCS is heading5 “trajectories”The future of DfCS is you!
اسلاید 3: What is Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS)?The process of addressing construction site safety and health in the design of a projectRecognizes construction site safety as a design criterion and part of constructabilityAlso called Prevention through Design (PtD)
اسلاید 4: Why Perform DfCS?It is the right thing to doIt is the smart thing to do
اسلاید 5: U.S. Construction Accident Statistics1Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,200 deaths each year7% of workforce but 21% of fatalitiesEvery statistic had a name…..1 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005 photo credit: New York Times
اسلاید 6: Accidents Linked to Design1,222% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA and CA42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began1 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 20052 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
اسلاید 7: Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most Payoff1Conceptual DesignDetailed EngineeringProcurementConstructionStart-upHighLowAbility to Influence SafetyProject Schedule 1 Szymberski 1987
اسلاید 8: Designing for Safety PaysReduced workers compensation premiumsIncreased productivityFewer delays due to accidentsAllows continued focus on qualityProactive clientsStarting to demand safer construction and safer designs
اسلاید 9: Example of the Need for DfCSDesign spec:Dig groundwater monitoring wells at various locations.Wells located directly under overhead power lines.Accident:Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines.Engineer could have:specified wells be dug away from power lines; and/orbetter informed the contractor of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.
اسلاید 10: Example: Parapet WallsIBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a parapet wall be at least 30 inches highOSHA 1926 Subpart M requires a 36-42 inch guardrail or other fall protectionIf the design professional specifies a 36-42 inch high parapet wall, fall protection would not be required
اسلاید 11: Example: Anchorage Points
اسلاید 12: Examples: PrefabricationSteel stairsConcrete Wall PanelsConcrete Segmented Bridge
اسلاید 13: DfCS Examples: RoofsSkylightsUpper story windows and roof parapets
اسلاید 14: The Erector Friendly ColumnInclude holes in columns at 21” and 42” for guardrail cables and at higher locations for fall protection tie-offsLocate column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floorProvide seats for beam connections
اسلاید 15: Avoid hanging connectionsDesign connections to bear on columns
اسلاید 16: Avoid awkward and dangerous connection locations
اسلاید 17: Avoid tripping hazards
اسلاید 18: Eliminate sharp corners
اسلاید 19: Provide enough space for making connections
اسلاید 20: Know approximate dimensions of necessary tools to make connections
اسلاید 21: Other DfCS Design ExamplesDesign underground utilities to be placed using trenchless technologies1Specify primers, sealers and other coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or contain carcinogenic products2Design cable type lifeline system for storage towers31 Weinstein et al., “Can Design Improve Construction Safety” (2005)2 Gambatese et al., “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety” (2005)3 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept” (2005)
اسلاید 22: DfCS Resourceswww.designforconstructionsafety.orgOSHA workgroup 2-4 hour powerpointConstruction Industry Institute databasewww.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr101_11_more.cfm CHAIRwww.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/SafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htmUnited Kingdom Health & Safety Executive designer guideswww.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htm
اسلاید 23: Example from: www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers
اسلاید 24: Barriers to DfCS Like many good ideas, DfCS faces barriers:Contract termsAdded costsDesigners’ fear of liabilityDesigners’ lack of knowledgePotential solutions to these barriers involve long-term education and institutional changes.
اسلاید 25: Example Construction Site Accident #1Fall from Elevation
اسلاید 26: Project:McNairy Dam Fish FacilityProject Description:Construction of a laboratory visitor center, a large fish collection facility, and power line from the dam to the visitor’s center.Location:Columbia River, OregonExample Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 27: Owner/Engineer:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)General Contractor: Heart ConstructionElectrical Subcontractor: J&J ElectricScope of work: Install electrical lines and controls throughout the project.Company owners (brothers):Frank Jones (on-site project superintendent)Jerry Jones (office manager, some work on-site)Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 28: Project background:Fish containment area consists of an upper working level and a lower fish collection level.Upper level constructed of steel framing supporting galvanized metal removable grating. (3 feet wide x 4 feet long sections)Mechanical and electrical equipment is located on the upper level.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 29: Project background:Elevation of lower level is 30 feet below the upper level, except for a concrete ledge along one wall which is 3 feet below the upper level.No permanent access (stairway, ladder, etc.) is available between the upper and lower levels.Lower level is under water during normal operation.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 30: April 23:Fish containment area construction complete.Electrical system testing under way.Frank, Jerry, and several Heart employees enter the upper level of the fish containment area to prepare a test of the equipment controls before opening the facility.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 31: April 23:Frank and Jerry work on the first control panel.After the first control panel is completed, Jerry proceeds south to the second control panel and begins to work.Frank remains at the first control panel talking to the Heart employees.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 32: April 23:Heart employee, George, sees an obstruction on the ledge 3 feet below.George walks over next to Jerry and removes a section of metal grating to go down to the lower level. The section of grating was not secured with fasteners.George jumps down to the ledge (3 feet below) and replaces the grating above him, but does not correctly place the grating over the bolts.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 33: April 23:While sliding the grating back into place, George says to Jerry that he didn’t want anyone to step in the opening.Jerry hears George say something, but does not understand because of the high noise level.After a few minutes of working on the second control panel, Jerry calls to Frank to bring him a wrench.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 34: April 23:Frank walks over to hand Jerry the wrench.Frank steps on the grating that George replaced and falls through to the lower level 30 feet below.Frank sustains head, back, and neck injuries.Frank now performs only minor office work, rather than on-site work.J&J profits are less since the accident.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 35: Additional information:The grating fastener system was not part of the original design. The fastener system was proposed by Heart Construction as a change, and accepted by the Engineer.Special wrenches are required to install and remove the grating fasteners. Two wrenches, owned by Heart, were available on the jobsite. The wrenches were sometimes lost or misplaced and not available. Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 36: Additional information:Heart Construction held weekly project safety meetings. Jerry attended only one meeting.During previous safety meetings, concerns were brought up about lack of support for the grating sections at locations where portions of the sections were modified. Occasionally wood was placed across the grating to provide additional support.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 37: Additional information:A temporary ladder between the upper and lower levels which was located several yards from the accident site was removed before the accident.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 38: Example Construction Site AccidentQuestions…How could the accident have been prevented?What could have been done in the design and/or the design phase to prevent the accident?
اسلاید 39: Example Construction Site Accident #2Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals
اسلاید 40: Fan #2Fan #1Roof2ndFloor1stFloorTesting LabOfficesExample Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 41: Scheduled completion date: July 15July 15: Conduct punchlist inspectionPunchlist includes window cleaning, replace cracked cover plates, touch-up paint, door alignment, replace scratched millwork, correct noise from Fan #2, etc.July 15: Project is defined as substantially complete.July 16: Owner occupies a portion of the facility.July 17: Testing lab begins to function.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 42: July 19:Electrician’s employee shuts off power to Fan #2 to trouble shoot the problem.Lab technician conducts chemical analysis at the same time.Electrician’s employee determines belt alignment is the problem. It is corrected.Power is restored; employee forgets to replace fan belt guard.Lab technician complains of headache.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 43: Fan #2Fan #1Roof2ndFloor1stFloorTesting LabOfficesFan is turned offDuct line has positive pressureWhat happens when fan #2 is turned off?
اسلاید 44: July 20:Contractor is informed by owner of lab technician’s headache and its cause.Contractor instructs all sub’s to turn in their building keys.Sub’s are instructed to gain access only by owner or contractor personnel.Contractor does not explain the reason for the new policy.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 45: July 28:Electrician’s employee shuts off power to Fan #2 to replace the fan belt guard.Lab technician conducts chemical analysis as the guard is replaced.Guard is replaced in 10 minutes.Power to Fan #2 is restored.Lab technician dies at the work station from exposure to deadly chemicals.Example Construction Site Accident
اسلاید 46: Example Construction Site AccidentQuestions…How could the accident have been prevented?What could have been done in the design and/or the design phase to prevent the accident?
اسلاید 47: “Safety Considerations in Design”Implementing DfCS in Practice
اسلاید 48: How it StartedContent started in “Constructability” reviews by Project Management Teams working with engineering.
اسلاید 49: Educational LimitationsLimited amount of safety training required in engineering educational activities.
اسلاید 50: Presented to:EngineersDesignersEstimatorsContract AdministratorsProcurement ProfessionalsOver 2,000 Over the Last Year
اسلاید 51: AwarenessInvolvement in Design Build Activities with our own employees increased the awareness.
اسلاید 52: Safety Qualified SupervisorTwo Day Training10-Hour OSHA Construction SafetyEconomics of SafetySupervisor Responsibilities and AccountabilityWork Planning/Job Hazard AnalysisControl of Energy“Safety Consideration in Design”STS Safety Trained Supervisor Certification
اسلاید 53: Reference MaterialsConstruction Safety Management and Engineering – ASSEConstruction Safety Engineering Principles – David MacCollumSafety and Health Engineering – Roger Brauer
اسلاید 54: Relevant DataUtilization of Company specific examples and applications.
اسلاید 55: Client/Regulator InterestOSHANIOSHCorps of EngineersNavyDefense Nuclear Facility Safety Board
اسلاید 56: Example in Case Study – OSHA Website“Washington Group International Designs and Builds a Waste Treatment Facility.”http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/success_stories/alliances/washington/washington_group_case_study.html#Sidebar3
اسلاید 57: Advanced Mixed Waste Treatment Facility (AMWTF) http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/success_stories/alliances/washington/washington_group_case_study.htm#3Sidebar3
اسلاید 58: ObjectivesPrevent injuries and accidents:Develop and/or expand engineering principles of Inherently Safer Design for Construction.Implement/educate engineering and design staff in hazard identification and legal responsibilities.Implement specific aims and goals for Inherently Safer Design Principles for Construction.
اسلاید 59: Training DiscussesWhy designers should care about designing for construction worker safety.Opportunities for designing for construction worker safety.Barrier for designing for construction worker safety.
اسلاید 60: Five Principles of Inherently Safer Design Principles for ConstructionDefinition of a HazardEstablish a Standard of Safe DesignCategorize the HazardEstablish Safe Design HierarchyControl the Hazard with Appropriate Design
اسلاید 61: Order of Precedence for Addressing Safety HazardsDesign to eliminate or avoid the hazardDesign to reduce the hazardIncorporate safety devices after the factProvide warning devicesInstitute training and operating procedures
اسلاید 62: Hazard Identification MatrixEliminate the HazardEliminate the HazardGuard the HazardGuard the HazardProvide a Safety FactorProvide a Safety FactorProvide RedundancyProvide RedundancyProvide ReliabilityHazardSafetyHazardSafetyHazardSafetyHazardSafetyNaturalStructural/MechanicalElectricalChemicalRadiant EnergyBiologicalArtificial Intelligence
اسلاید 63: Safety in Design for Material Handling and Storage FacilitiesNumber One Concern is the Machinery, Material and Human Interface.Categorize the Hazards Using the Seven Hazard Sources for Material Handling and Storage Facilities.Use the Safe Design Hierarchy to Physically eliminate the hazards identified for Material Handling and Storage facilities.Develop a Hazard Identification Matrix to document your findings and design the hazards from the Material Handling and Storage Facilities.
اسلاید 64: List all the hazards involved with material handling and storage facilities.Natural Hazards:Natural Hazards:Slip, tripsImproperly secured materials on trucks, structures, cranes and on the ground.Traffic and personnelDrainage ditchesWeather roadway and walkway maintenancePotential for unstable surfaces
اسلاید 65: Designing for Safety PaysReduced workers compensation premiumsIncreased productivityFewer delays due to accidents during construction allow continued focus on qualityProactive clients are starting to demand safer construction and safety designs.
اسلاید 66: Case Study #1Circulator Pumps
اسلاید 67: Case Study #1 - Circulator Pumps
اسلاید 68: Case Study #1 - Circulator PumpsReplacing circulator pumps requires a ladder.Pumps are located in a tight space.Maintenance worker could fall off ladder, drop pump, or suffer hand injury from hitting adjacent piping.
اسلاید 69: Case Study #1 - Circulator PumpsDesign review questions- Is there enough room to replace the pumps? How high off the ground are the pumps? What if a maintenance worker has to shut off a valve in an emergency?
اسلاید 70: Case Study #1 - Circulator PumpsIdentify Hazard – Fall and mechanical
اسلاید 71: Case Study #1 - Circulator PumpsAssess Risk – Severity- slight (knuckles) to serious (head injury) Probability- medium (likely) Risk- low to mediumAdditional consideration –Solution is simple and inexpensive
اسلاید 72: Case Study #1 - Circulator PumpsDfCS solutions:design pumps close to ground level so that a ladder is not required;provide adequate space around pumps;provide a metal identification tag for each valve; andprovide a permanent identification board in the mechanical room that identifies each valve and it’s purpose.
اسلاید 73: Case Study #1 - Circulator Pumps
اسلاید 74: Case Study #2InstallationMaintenance of HVAC System in Attic
اسلاید 75: Case Study #2 - InstallMaint. of HVAC System in AtticHVAC System installed in the attic of a commercial office buildingNo floor or platform/walkways were designed or installedHVAC technicians had to walk on joists/trusses
اسلاید 76: Case Study #2 - InstallMaint. of HVAC System in Attic
اسلاید 77: Case Study #2 - InstallMaint. of HVAC System in AtticDesign review questions: What will workers stand on when installing HVAC system? Will regular maintenance be required? What will the maintenance workers stand on? What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?
اسلاید 78: Case Study #2 - InstallMaint. of HVAC System in AtticIdentify hazard – FALL
اسلاید 79: Case Study #2 - InstallMaint. of HVAC System in AtticAssess Risk – Severity- serious (knee) to severe (death) Probability- medium (likely) Risk- medium to high
اسلاید 80: Case Study #2 - InstallMaint. of HVAC System in AtticDfCS solution:design permanent work platforms and walkways with guardrails
اسلاید 81: Case Study #3Raw Coal Reclaim Facility
اسلاید 82: Case Study #3 - Raw Coal Reclaim FacilityPlant utility worker was fatally injured while performing clean-up duties at a raw coal reclaim area.Victim either fell through a 56” x 80” opening in a platform or entered through a coal feeder opening.1Case study courtesy of Washington Group International
اسلاید 83: Case Study #3 - Raw Coal Reclaim FacilityDesign review questions: Will workers need to have access to conveyors? Are covers and/or guardrails provided for all openings near or over conveyors? Are covers and/or guardrail gates interlocked?
اسلاید 84: Case Study #3 - Raw Coal Reclaim Facility
اسلاید 85: Case Study #3 - Raw Coal Reclaim FacilityIdentify hazard: Mechanical
اسلاید 86: Case Study #3 - Raw Coal Reclaim FacilityAssess Risk – Severity- severe (death) Probability- medium to high Risk- high
اسلاید 87: Case Study #3 - Raw Coal Reclaim FacilityDfCS solution:Design covers and/or guardrails over conveyor belts and opening to conveyor belts.Design interlocks for covers and gates.
اسلاید 88: Case Study #4Blind Penetration into Concrete
اسلاید 89: Case Study #4 - Blind Penetration into Concrete1 A construction worker penetrated an embedded electrical conduit containing an energized 120-volt line while hand drilling into a concrete beam to install pipe hanger inserts. The conduit was 1 inch from the surface.1 Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents
اسلاید 90: Case Study #4 - Blind Penetration into ConcreteDesign review questions:How will the worker install the pipe hangers?Are there any electrical lines in the concrete beam?Are there any pipe hangers that will be near an electrical line?
اسلاید 91: Case Study #4 - Blind Penetration into ConcreteAssess Risk- Severity- severe (death) Probability- moderate to medium Risk- medium to high
اسلاید 92: Case Study #4 - Blind Penetration into ConcreteDfCS Solutions:Design embedded electrical lines deeper than the maximum depth of the pipe hanger bolts.Clearly mark locations of electrical lines on contract drawings.
اسلاید 93: National InitiativesOSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable DfCS WorkgroupNIOSH NORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD Workgroup and Prevention Through Design National Workshop (July 2007)
اسلاید 94: Five DfCS TrajectoriesIncreased prefabricationIncreased use of less hazardous materials and systemsIncreased application of construction engineeringIncreased spatial investigation and considerationIncreased collaboration and integration
اسلاید 95: Increased PrefabricationShift site work to safer work site environmentelevation to groundunderground to gradeconfined space to open spaceShift site work to factoryAllows use of safer, automated equipmentProvides safer, engineered environment
اسلاید 96: Increased Use of Less Hazardous Materials and SystemsCoatings, sealants, cleanersBuilding systemsSteel, concrete, masonry, wood
اسلاید 97: Increased Construction EngineeringExamples of construction engineeringSoil retention systemsCrane liftsTemporary loadsTemporary structuresFall protection anchorage pointsWhy are designers increasingly involvedGrowth of design-buildTheir understanding of structure and site
اسلاید 98: Increased Spatial InvestigationCommunicating site hazards on project documentsWorking distances for each tradeCranes and powerlinesExcavation dimensions for work withinSteel connectionsRaceways and plumbing pipesErgonomic issuesOverheadAwkward angles
اسلاید 99: Example DfCS ProcessDesign Kickoff DesignInternal ReviewIssue for ConstructionExternal ReviewTrade contractor involvementEstablish design for safety expectationsInclude construction and operation perspectiveIdentify design for safety process and toolsQA/QCCross-discipline reviewFocused safety reviewOwner review
اسلاید 100: Facilitating CollaborationHaving designers interact with constructorsHaving specialists interact with generalist plannersImplications for contracting/delivery method
اسلاید 101: Implications for Education of Design EngineersShift in mindsetHolistic viewExposure to DfCS fundamentalsTraining in system-specific DfCS opportunitiesEngineering course-specific DfCS modules
اسلاید 102: Implications for ContractingNew contract terms neededDesign-Build and Design+Negotiated construction better facilitate collaboration during design**This is not meant to endorse one project delivery method over another.
اسلاید 103: Implications for Use of Information TechnologyIT represents efficient means for providing designers with information needed to perform DfCSManufacturers must make DfCS information availableAll entities will need IT to facilitate communication, collaboration, integration
اسلاید 104: What do you think? How can we reduce barriers to DfCS?Designers’ fear of liabilityDesigners’ lack of knowledge
اسلاید 105: Where Do You Fit In?Initiate or expand DfCS in your companyShare information about your DfCS programProvide data to make the business case for DfCS Serve as a case study
اسلاید 106: SummaryDesigning for construction safety is:the right thing to do, andthe smart thing to do.Many countries require or promote designing for safetyNational organizations are working to create tools, eliminate barriers and facilitate adoption of this important process in the United StatesYour participation is needed!
اسلاید 107: Thanks for Participating!Questions? Comments?john.gambatese@oregonstate.edumike.toole@bucknell.eduBrad.giles@wgint.com
اسلاید 108: The following slides are just in case someone asks….
اسلاید 109: Barrier: Contract TermsModel contracts between owner and designer and general conditions between owner and contractor explicitly reject designer role in safetyPotential Solution: Revise the model contracts
اسلاید 110: Barrier: Increased Designer Costs Associated with DfCSWhile DfCS results in decreased total project life cycle costs for the owner, DfCS processes will increase both direct and overhead costs for designers. Potential solution: Educate owners that they must be willing to pay slightly higher design fees to save themselves money in the long run.
اسلاید 111: Barrier: Designers Fear of Liability Barrier: Fear of undeserved liability for worker safety.Potential solution: Clearly communicate the DfCS initiative does NOT suggest designers should be held responsible for construction accidents.Potential solution: Propose legislation is facilitate designing for construction safety without inappropriately shifting safety duties and liability onto designers.
اسلاید 112: Barrier: Designers Lack of Safety ExpertiseBarrier: Few design professionals possess sufficient expertise in construction safety.Potential solution: include construction safety in construction, engineering and architectural curricula.Potential solution: Develop and promote 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for design professionals.
اسلاید 113: The Washington Group’s Training InitiativeThe Washington Group International provides safe design training to:EngineeringDesignProcurementContractsEstimating
اسلاید 114: WG’s Safety Qualified Supervisor Training2 Day Training10-Hour OSHA Construction SafetyEconomics of SafetySafety Res. & AccountabilityWork Planning & Job Hazard AnalysisSafety Construction & Design
اسلاید 115: An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of CureOrder of precedence for addressing safety hazardsDesign to eliminate or avoid the hazardDesign to reduce the hazardIncorporate safety devices after the factProvide warning devicesInstitute training and operating procedures(Source: Manuele, F.A., “On the Practice of Safety.” Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY, 1997.)
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