صفحه 1:
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صفحه 2:
Ovenieuw
= Introduction to DfCS
¢ Principles and Process
¢ U.S. and Abroad
* Resources and examples
= Lessons from the field
=" Where DfCS is heading
°5 “trajectories”
= The future of DfCS is you!
صفحه 3:
(5 00 Por Coustruntiva GaPety
(OPRCGE)?
= The process of addressing
construction site safety and health in
the design of a project
= Recognizes construction site safety
as a design criterion and part of
constructability
= Also called Prevention through
Design (PtD)
alliance
صفحه 4:
۱۹۱ رح DO erts
= It is the right thing to do
= |t is the smart thing to do
صفحه 5:
مر ری ار رس مر رز (WC
=" Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and
1,200 deaths each year
= 7% of workforce but 21% of fatalities
= Every statistic had a name.....
1 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005 میتی سر
صفحه 6:
۹ ور hh ied (Oa sn
= —___ of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-
2002 in Oregon, WA and CA
= of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-
2003
= In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that —
of fatal accidents resulted in part from
decisions made before site work began
Comm ni Rented MMe eRe ل arse}
? European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
صفحه 7:
و تراک سر م9
Oe KOs مسب
Oe KC a
Ce ad See
Daag
9 ی
موه
اه سس
1 Szymberski 1987 allia ce
صفحه 8:
= Reduced workers compensation
premiums
« ۱۱6۲6۵560
= Fewer delays due to accidents
¢ Allows continued focus on quality
= Proactive clients
* Starting to demand safer construction
and safer designs
صفحه 9:
OL كك لاک سس بت سس در
= Design spec:
* Dig groundwater monitoring wells at
various locations.
+ Wells located directly under
overhead power lines.
= Accident:
* Worker electrocuted when his drill
rig got too close to overhead power
توا
= Engineer could have:
* specified wells be dug away from
power lines; and/or
* better informed the contractor of
hazard posed by wells’ proximity to
powerlines through the plans,
specifications, and bid documents.
صفحه 10:
Cxanple: Parapet Ouls
= IBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a
parapet wall be at least 30 inches high
=" OSHA 1926 Subpart M requires a
36-42 inch guardrail or other fall protection
= If the design professional specifies a
36-42 inch high parapet wall, fall protection
would not be required
صفحه 11:
صفحه 12:
دوه ره
Tale القللا
Concrete Segmented Bridge
توت توت(
صفحه 13:
٩۱04 ۹ (QovPs
Skylights Upper story windows
and roof parapets
7 ۱ 3 لیم ۳۳3
صفحه 14:
and at higher
_ locations for fall
protection tie-offs
-* Locate colum
~ connections at —
reasonable heights
above floor
* Provide seats for یه تا 7 I ce
beam connections 0 1
9 ات مب
صفحه 15:
columns
صفحه 16:
I ear area
locations
[ERECTOR/FABRICATOR ۱۷۸۵۷۲ تعن
2
53 08 NAME سس ۳
صفحه 17:
0 ۱
tied Harords 11926-15111111[
[ERECTOR/FABRICATOR NAME [#0 ۳
ا
یت سس DD
صفحه 18:
DETALNG GIDE YOR WE DEMNEDMOT OF ECTEN SAFETY
Solutions: cat be 1 sp gussets comer Or Hide the gest car win the
و
ERECTOR/FABRICATOR NAME ==
اسم -هس 7
| ع
صفحه 19:
[ERECTOR/FABRICATOR NAME =” =
Bi
NAME فون
connections
صفحه 20:
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صفحه 21:
= Design underground utilities to be placed
using trenchless technologies?
= Specify primers, sealers and other coatings
that do not emit noxious fumes or contain
carcinogenic products?
= Design cable type lifeline system for
storage towers?
Sao ا ل sme)
2 وت رید et al., “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”
005
4 ا ل ل
Concept” (2005)
صفحه 22:
(۳۵۵ 29
www.designforconstructionsafety.org
OSHA workgroup 2-4 hour powerpoint
Construction Industry Institute database
* www.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/m
ore/rr101_11_more.cfm
CHAIR
* www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/
SafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm
United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive
designer guides
* www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/
1 5
alliance
صفحه 23:
Example
from
www.hse.go
v.uk/constru
ction/design
ers:
Rey 04 (AUS
Technical Guidance Note
T 20.009
Tho msintnance phase
44. Forth paws tray nt be neces f peopl و
46. Thacan be served ane byrne te ramet
{or providing natural igh, ~ see 28 ete fat oof
vi eae erode caning 0 marin cones ight
Se
1
Construction Industry Council
CDM Guidance for Designers
Designing to make management of
hazards associated with working on
roofs easier
1. Designers
] Fogle and deters ovr ine tvough beng
Voie en na riety
Sones ee pr
‘toe Thorfr, designs est conedr ates
potest the haar of sing
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7_ anual handing ae perature cola azar ko
Designer shout cones phases the
tem taht و
صفحه 24:
(umers to DFOG
= Like many good ideas, DfCS faces barriers:
* Contract terms
* Added costs
* Designers’ fear of liability
* Designers’ lack of knowledge
= Potential solutions to these barriers
involve long-term education and
institutional changes.
صفحه 25:
Fall from Elevation
صفحه 26:
= Project:
* McNairy Dam Fish Facility
= Project Description:
* Construction of a laboratory visitor
center, a large fish collection facility,
and power line from the dam to the
visitor’s center.
= Location:
* Columbia River, Oregon
صفحه 27:
=" Owner/Engineer:
* U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)
=" General Contractor: Heart Construction
= Electrical Subcontractor: J&J Electric
* Scope of work: Install electrical lines and
controls throughout the project.
* Company owners (brothers):
= Frank Jones (on-site project superintendent)
= Jerry Jones (office manager, some work on-site)
صفحه 28:
= Project background:
۰ Fish containment area consists of an
upper working level and a lower fish
collection level.
* Upper level constructed of steel framing
supporting galvanized metal removable
grating. (3 feet wide x 4 feet long
sections)
* Mechanical and electrical equipment is
located on the upper level.
صفحه 29:
= Project background:
۰ Elevation of lower level is 30 feet below
the upper level, except for a concrete
ledge along one wall which is 3 feet
below the upper level.
* No permanent access (stairway, ladder,
etc.) is available between the upper and
كت ع0
* Lower level is under water during normal
operation.
صفحه 30:
= April 23:
* Fish containment area construction
complete.
¢ Electrical system testing under way.
¢ Frank, Jerry, and several Heart
employees enter the upper level of the
fish containment area to prepare a test
of the equipment controls before
opening the facility.
صفحه 31:
= April 23:
* Frank and Jerry work on the first control
panel.
After the first control panel is
completed, Jerry proceeds south to the
second control panel and begins to
work.
¢ Frank remains at the first control panel
talking to the Heart employees.
صفحه 32:
= April 23:
* Heart employee, George, sees an
obstruction on the ledge 3 feet below.
* George walks over next to Jerry and
removes a section of metal grating to go
down to the lower level. The section of
grating was not secured with fasteners.
* George jumps down to the ledge (3 feet
below) and replaces the grating above
him, but does not correctly place the
grating over the bolts.
صفحه 33:
= April 23:
¢ While sliding the grating back into place,
George says to Jerry that he didn’t want
anyone to step in the opening.
* Jerry hears George say something, but
does not understand because of the high
noise level.
¢ After a few minutes of working on the
second control panel, Jerry calls to Frank
to bring him a wrench.
صفحه 34:
= April 23:
¢ Frank walks over to hand Jerry the wrench.
¢ Frank steps on the grating that George
replaced and falls through to the lower level
30 feet below.
* Frank sustains head, back, and neck injuries.
٠ Frank now performs only minor office work,
rather than on-site work.
* J&J profits are less since the accident.
صفحه 35:
= Additional information:
* The grating fastener system was not part of
the original design. The fastener system was
proposed by Heart Construction as a change,
and accepted by the Engineer.
* Special wrenches are required to install and
remove the grating fasteners. Two
wrenches, owned by Heart, were available
on the jobsite. The wrenches were
sometimes lost or misplaced and not
available.
صفحه 36:
= Additional information:
¢ Heart Construction held weekly project
safety meetings. Jerry attended only one
meeting.
* During previous safety meetings, concerns
were brought up about lack of support for
the grating sections at locations where
portions of the sections were modified.
Occasionally wood was placed across the
grating to provide additional support.
صفحه 37:
= Additional information:
¢ A temporary ladder between the upper
and lower levels which was located
several yards from the accident site was
removed before the accident.
صفحه 38:
= Questions...
* How could the accident have been
prevented?
* What could have been done in the
design and/or the design phase to
prevent the accident?
صفحه 39:
Exposure to Hazardous
Chemicals
صفحه 40:
صفحه 41:
» Scheduled completion date: July 15
» July 15: Conduct punchlist inspection
٠ Punchlist includes window cleaning, replace cracked
cover plates, touch-up paint, door alignment, replace
scratched millwork, correct noise from Fan #2, etc.
» July 15: Project is defined as substantially
complete.
» July 16: Owner occupies a portion of the
facility.
» July 17: Testing lab begins to function.
صفحه 42:
۱۵
- Electrician’s employee shuts off power to
Fan #2 to trouble shoot the problem.
* Lab technician conducts chemical
analysis at the same time.
* Electrician’s employee determines belt
alignment is the problem. It is corrected.
٠ Power is restored; employee forgets to
replace fan belt guard.
+ Lab technician complains of headache.
صفحه 43:
ete
x TOMSMAC lg al=re)
Duct line
re
positive
صفحه 44:
» July 20:
* Contractor is informed by owner of lab
technician’s headache and its cause.
* Contractor instructs all sub’s to turn in
their building keys.
* Sub’s are instructed to gain access only
by owner or contractor personnel.
* Contractor does not explain the reason
for the new policy.
صفحه 45:
» July 28:
* Electrician’s employee shuts off power to
Fan #2 to replace the fan belt guard.
* Lab technician conducts chemical
analysis as the guard is replaced.
* Guard is replaced in 10 minutes.
* Power to Fan #2 is restored.
+ Lab technician dies at the work station
from exposure to deadly chemicals.
صفحه 46:
= Questions...
* How could the accident have been
prevented?
* What could have been done in the
design and/or the design phase to
prevent the accident?
صفحه 47:
"8 ره ۱6 ASI
60) ۳ 5
Implementing DfCS in Practice
صفحه 48:
توص یک ۱
Content started in
“Constructability” reviews by
Project Management Teams
working with engineering.
صفحه 49:
بر رز دز مر رز ۱ 1
Limited amount of safety training
required in engineering
educational activities.
صفحه 50:
1
= Engineers
= Designers
= Estimators
= Contract Administrators
= Procurement Professionals
Over 2,000 Over the Last Year
صفحه 51:
ص۱1
Involvement in Design Build
Activities with our own employees
increased the awareness.
صفحه 52:
Two Day Training
10-Hour OSHA Construction Safety
Economics of Safety
Supervisor Responsibilities and Accountability
Work Planning/Job Hazard Analysis
Control of Energy
“Safety Consideration in Design”
STS Safety Trained Supervisor Certification
صفحه 53:
زک زر مر ۱۳
= Construction Safety Management
and Engineering - ASSE
= Construction Safety Engineering
Principles - David MacCollum
= Safety and Health Engineering -
Roger Brauer
صفحه 54:
Cae ee Dee
Utilization of Company specific
examples and applications.
صفحه 55:
10۳-۱ 0۳2 ار
=" OSHA
=" NIOSH
= Corps of Engineers
= Navy
=" Defense Nuclear Facility Safety
Board
صفحه 56:
Girly 0 اک زد سر وم
2(
“Washington Group International
Designs and Builds a Waste Treatment
9-1
http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/success_stories/alliances/washington/was
hington_group_case_study.html#Sidebar3
صفحه 57:
ر 4 رزاک ار را ۹
۹ رت ۱۹
http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/success _stories/alliances/
washington/washington_ group case study.htm#3Sidebar3
صفحه 58:
Prevent injuries and accidents:
= Develop and/or expand engineering principles
of Inherently Safer Design for Construction.
= Implement/educate engineering and design
staff in hazard identification and legal
responsibilities.
= Implement specific aims and goals for
Inherently Safer Design Principles for
Construction.
صفحه 59:
= Why designers should care about
designing for construction worker
safety.
= Opportunities for designing for
construction worker Safety.
= Barrier for designing for construction
worker safety.
صفحه 60:
= Definition of a Hazard
= Establish a Standard of Safe Design
= Categorize the Hazard
= Establish Safe Design Hierarchy
= Control the Hazard with Appropriate
Design
صفحه 61:
Oddressiog GuPety Wazards
. Design to eliminate or avoid the
hazard
. Design to reduce the hazard
. Incorporate safety devices after the
fact
. Provide warning devices
. Institute training and operating
procedures
صفحه 62:
درک ارت مر ٩۱ ام
۳0 مم2 اه
eC entamms ces tet sit 0
Factor 3
جک فص یسیو
5
Guard the Hazard
مه
Hazard
Eliminate
the Hazard
ed
Hazar
3
Natural
توت
7
Mechani
ی
م۳166
Chemical
ete
7
sic’
0
Artificial
testy
pte)
صفحه 63:
ud ار 625 ۳( ۳ Orsiqa 1 7 رح
Number One Concern is the Machinery,
۳86۲۱۵۱ ۵۱۱0 ۳۱۱۸۱۱۵۱۱ ۰
Categorize the Hazards Using the Seven Hazard
Sources for Material Handling and Storage Facilities.
Use the Safe Design Hierarchy to Physically
eliminate the hazards identified for Material
Handling and Storage facilities.
Develop a Hazard Identification Matrix to document
your findings and design the hazards from the
Material Handling and Storage Facilities.
صفحه 64:
2 MNePAtec ica bes cxc ELL
wotend! hoodiog cod siproge Puriliies.
وله ار و ار
* Slip, trips
Fj * Improperly secured
و بت
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Cranes and on the ندا
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۱ موز
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Drainage ditches * 0
رز )خر oe °*We
1.Rollover an
rien maintenanc
اوت تان
۳۹ 1
الا unstable surfaces
A.Limitations on Human
۳۵ معصحصم
صفحه 65:
= Reduced workers compensation
premiums
= Increased productivity
= Fewer delays due to accidents during
construction allow continued focus
on quality
= Proactive clients are starting to
demand safer construction and
safety designs.
صفحه 66:
Circulator Pumps
صفحه 67:
ON ON ar Qe @r ar Uc ree ا
صفحه 68:
Ouse (Ney #0 - Cincutator ۳
= Replacing circulator pumps requires
2 0۰
۰ ۳۱۱۲۱۵5 276 ۱۵6۵1۲60 ۱۱ 2 tight space.
= Maintenance worker could fall off
ladder, drop pump, or suffer hand
injury from hitting adjacent piping.
صفحه 69:
Ouse (Ney #0 - Cincutator ۳
Design review questions-
Is there enough room to replace the
pumps?
How high off the ground are the pumps?
What if a maintenance worker has to shut
off a valve in an emergency?
صفحه 70:
Ouse (Ney #0 - Cincutator ۳
Identify Hazard -
Fall and mechanical
صفحه 71:
Ouse (Ney #0 - Cincutator ۳
Assess Risk -
Severity- slight (knuckles) to serious
(head injury)
Probability- medium (likely)
Risk- low to medium
Additional consideration -
Solution is simple and inexpensive
alliance
صفحه 72:
Ouse (Ney #0 - Cincutator ۳
= DfCS solutions:
* design pumps close to ground level so
that a ladder is not required;
* provide adequate space around pumps;
* provide a metal identification tag for
each valve; and
* provide a permanent identification
board in the mechanical room that
identifies each valve and it’s purpose.
صفحه 73:
0 Oem (mere
صفحه 74:
Installation\Maintenance of
HVAC System in Attic
صفحه 75:
Cuse Gtady #2 كك
2۱0/0 ره ii
= HVAC System installed in the attic of a
commercial office building
= No floor or platform/walkways were
designed or installed
= HVAC technicians had to walk on
وا(
alliance
صفحه 76:
ON rol ON ar nee eed heresy \ Deis es
WOBCC Gyxtexs is Pitz
J
صفحه 77:
Cuse Gtady #2 كك
6ت ك” ii
= Design review questions:
What will workers stand on when installing
HVAC system?
Will regular maintenance be required?
What will the maintenance workers stand
on?
What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?
alliance
صفحه 78:
Cuse Gtady #2 كك
2۱0/0 ره ii
Identify hazard -
لامع
صفحه 79:
Cuse Gtady #2 كك
2۱0/0 ره ii
Assess Risk -
Severity- serious (knee) to severe
(death)
Probability- medium (likely)
Risk- medium to high
صفحه 80:
Cuse Gtady #2 كك
2۱0/0 ره ii
= DfCS solution:
* design permanent work platforms and
walkways with guardrails
صفحه 81:
Raw Coal Reclaim Facility
صفحه 82:
Oe A GN rie ONDA OCA rea NeiheeZ
= Plant utility worker was fatally
injured while performing clean-up
duties at a raw coal reclaim area.
= Victim either fell through a 56” x 80”
opening in a platform or entered
through a coal feeder opening.
1Case study courtesy of Washington Group International
صفحه 83:
Oe A GN rie ONDA OCA rea NeiheeZ
5 1
= Design review questions:
Will workers need to have access to
conveyors?
Are covers and/or guardrails provided for
all openings near or over conveyors?
Are covers and/or guardrail gates
interlocked?
صفحه 84:
(ON ON War nee NON DA Orr (Nera eicrd
۹
صفحه 85:
Or AN را یک ور cir siNard
5 1
Identify hazard:
Mechanical
صفحه 86:
Or AN را یک ور cir siNard
5 1
Assess Risk -
Severity- severe (death)
Probability- medium to high
Risk- high
صفحه 87:
Or AN را یک ور cir siNard
5 1
= DfCS solution:
* Design covers and/or guardrails over
conveyor belts and opening to conveyor
belts.
* Design interlocks for covers and gates.
صفحه 88:
ON AGN Darren
Blind Penetration into
Concrete
صفحه 89:
6 6 BCD) Neneh pl eaeies feel PACS IZ
سر
A construction worker penetrated an
embedded electrical conduit
containing an energized 120-volt line
while hand drilling into a concrete
beam to install pipe hanger inserts.
The conduit was 1 inch from the
surface.
1 Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents 0
alliance
صفحه 90:
6 ec een BCD) rnc mi eaeies feel PACS IZ
Opurrete
Design review questions:
How will the worker install the pipe
hangers?
Are there any electrical lines in the
concrete beam?
Are there any pipe hangers that will be
near an electrical line?
صفحه 91:
6 ec een BCD) rnc mi eaeies feel PACS IZ
Opurrete
Assess Risk-
Severity- severe (death)
Probability- moderate to medium
Risk- medium to high
صفحه 92:
6 ec een BCD) rnc mi eaeies feel PACS IZ
Opurrete
= DfCS Solutions:
* Design embedded electrical lines deeper
than the maximum depth of the pipe
hanger bolts.
* Clearly mark locations of electrical lines
on contract drawings.
صفحه 93:
« 05۳۱۸ ۲۵۵
Roundtable DfCS Workgroup
= NIOSH NORA Construction Sector
Council CHPtD Workgroup and
Prevention Through Design National
Workshop (July 2007)
صفحه 94:
15 4۱0 ٩۱2
Increased prefabrication
Increased use of less hazardous
materials and systems
Increased application of construction
engineering
Increased spatial investigation and
consideration
Increased collaboration and
integration
صفحه 95:
027570010100
= Shift site work to safer work site
اور 2 وت
۰ 6۱6۷۵11011 0 ۵
* underground to grade
* confined space to open space
= Shift site work to factory
* Allows use of safer, automated equipment
* Provides safer, engineered environment
صفحه 96:
ON ea eacics cach De eae mel cea eran an ers
= Coatings, sealants, cleaners
= Building systems
¢ Steel, concrete, masonry, wood
صفحه 97:
= Examples of construction engineering
* Soil retention systems
* Crane lifts
* Temporary loads
¢ Temporary structures
*¢ Fall protection anchorage points
= Why are designers increasingly involved
* Growth of design-build
¢ Their understanding of structure and site
صفحه 98:
= Communicating site hazards on
project documents
=" Working distances for each trade
* Cranes and powerlines
* Excavation dimensions for work within
* Steel connections
* Raceways and plumbing pipes
= Ergonomic issues
* Overhead
* Awkward angles
صفحه 99:
cee
كك
اس و
ات هس سا
صفحه 100:
= Having designers interact with
constructors
= Having specialists interact with
generalist planners
= Implications for contracting/delivery
method
صفحه 101:
تراک دک ۹۱۹۲
۵۹
= Shift in mindset
= Holistic view
= Exposure to DfCS fundamentals
= Training in system-specific DfCS
opportunities
= Engineering course-specific DfCS
modules
صفحه 102:
زاگ ار ۹۱۹۶
= New contract terms needed
= Design-Build and Design+Negotiated
construction better facilitate
collaboration during design*
eee eee
صفحه 103:
۹
= |T represents efficient means for
providing designers with information
needed to perform DfCS
= Manufacturers must make DfCS
information available
= All entities will need IT to facilitate
communication, collaboration,
integration
صفحه 104:
ia ea ieee رز(
= How can we reduce barriers to DfCS?
* Designers’ fear of liability
* Designers’ lack of knowledge
صفحه 105:
(mii baits ی مراک رز
« ۱۳۱۱۲۱۵۲6 ۵۳ 62۵۵۱۱۵ ۳۲65 ۷۵۵۴
company
= Share information about your DfCS
program
= Provide data to make the business
case for DfCS
= Serve as a case study
صفحه 106:
iG
= Designing for construction safety is:
* the right thing to do, and
¢ the smart thing to do.
= Many countries require or promote
designing for safety
=" National organizations are working to
create tools, eliminate barriers and
facilitate adoption of this important
process in the United States
LES Zolli cel neie) oeimioey is plareve| aso alliance
صفحه 107:
aN eee ee اه و
= Questions? Comments?
= john.gambatese@oregonstate.edu
= mike.toole@bucknell.edu
= Brad.giles@wgint.com
صفحه 108:
Oe ا Ure Just tt vase
27722۲ 12۰
صفحه 109:
ل ل Cana
=" Model contracts between owner and
designer and general conditions
between owner and contractor
explicitly reject designer role in
عه
= Potential Solution: Revise the model
contracts
صفحه 110:
(arate et airs caster excl (Deca ie pe ese Oy rice
(Ceara راک
« While DfCS results in decreased total
project life cycle costs for the owner,
DfCS processes will increase both
direct and overhead costs for
designers.
= Potential solution: Educate owners
that they must be willing to pay
slightly higher design fees to save
themselves money in the long run.
صفحه 111:
@umier: Orsiqaers’ ۹5 sie
= Barrier: Fear of undeserved liability for
worker safety.
Potential solution: Clearly communicate
the DfCS initiative does NOT suggest
designers should be held responsible for
construction accidents.
Potential solution: Propose legislation is
facilitate designing for construction safety
without inappropriately shifting safety
duties and liability onto designers.
صفحه 112:
(Oa Opsiqners' ار چاررت را eae lim es bs
Cxpenise
= Barrier: Few design professionals
possess sufficient expertise in
construction safety.
= Potential solution: include
construction safety in construction,
engineering and architectural
دراوراه
= Potential solution: Develop and
promote 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA
courses for design professionals.
صفحه 113:
00-6 00 40
= The Washington Group International
provides safe design training to:
* Engineering
* Design
و ic ael- ale
* Contracts
* Estimating
صفحه 114:
(Chae 3 6۱ اسر 0
(2
وروی 912۱/۱ 2 بر
= 10-Hour OSHA Construction Safety
=" Economics of Safety
= Safety Res. & Accountability
=" Work Planning & Job Hazard Analysis
= Safety Construction & Design
صفحه 115:
Os Ouse oF Prevesion
FeAl Dea کر ار مت Oa cs
= Order of precedence for addressing
safety hazards
1.Design to eliminate or avoid the hazard
2.Design to reduce the hazard
3.Incorporate safety devices after the fact
4.Provide warning devices
5.Institute training and operating procedures
(Scorer VEL a Wa OL a Cae MCS TEU Co oe Co oD