?What Are Information Systems
اسلاید 1: 03/12/2001© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20051What Are Information Systems?Based on Chapter 1 of Bennett, McRobb and Farmer: Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML, (3rd Edition), McGraw Hill, 2005.
اسلاید 2: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20052In This Lecture You Will Learn:How to define an Information System (IS)Some examples and types of ISHow to apply basic concepts of systems theory to ISHow IS are related to organizations
اسلاید 3: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20053McGregor On-Line Retail SiteA typical modern IS with:Online catalogue display and shopping cartBack-office systems store stock details, orders, payment transactions, and moreCommunications link to credit-card processing centreRobot warehouse control systemDelivery scheduling
اسلاید 4: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20054Elements of an ISEvery IS has:A human activity that needs informationSome stored dataAn input method for entering dataSome process that turns the data into informationAn output method for representing information
اسلاید 5: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20055The Role of the ComputerComputers carry out tasks also done by people and by other technologiesStorage: signalman’s memory / hard diskDisplay: Battle of Britain map / PC screenCalculation: mental arithmetic / programCommunication: telephone line / LANTypical advantages of computers:high speed, low cost, reliability
اسلاید 6: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20056System TransformationAll useful systems transform their inputs into useful outputs For IS, both inputs and outputs are typically informationThis transformation is the whole reason for building and operating the system
اسلاید 7: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20057Transformation ExampleMcGregor’s Delivery Scheduling System may have inputs:Information about orders, available stock, customer addresses, vehicle capacities……And may have outputs:Which orders to load on each vehicle, what route the vehicle should follow…How does this benefit McGregor?
اسلاید 8: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20058Characteristics of SystemsIS are like any other kind of systemEvery system has:Inputs and outputsA purpose (related to transformation)A boundary and an environmentSubsystems and interfacesControl using feedback and feed-forwardSome emergent property
اسلاید 9: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 20059Are Systems Real?Maybe, maybe not!Systems thinking is useful because it helps to analyse and understand problemsWhat matters is the understanding you achieveYou can choose to see anything as a system, whether or not it really is one
اسلاید 10: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200510Systems and the Real World
اسلاید 11: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200511Types of ISInformation Systems are used to support people’s activitiesStore and retrieve informationCarry out calculationsAid communicationControl and schedule workOther support … ?
اسلاید 12: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200512Types of IS (cont’d)Operational Systems assist or control business operationsAn Accounting System replaces costly and error-prone human clerksManagement Support Systems help managers to decide or to communicateA Delivery Scheduling System helps decide how to load and route the delivery trucks
اسلاید 13: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200513Types of IS (cont’d)Real-time Control Systems typically operate physical equipment, often in safety-critical settingsSome cars have an Engine Management System to control fuel supply and ignition
اسلاید 14: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200514How Do IS Relate to the Human Activity System?We can view an organization as a system, perhaps with many subsystemsIdeally, each subsystem helps the overall system fulfil its purposeIS are also subsystems and should help to meet goals of people in the organization
اسلاید 15: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200515Strategy and Planning for IS
اسلاید 16: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200516SummaryIn this lecture you have learned about:What an IS isSome examples and types of ISSome basic concepts of systems theory and how to apply them to ISHow IS are related to organizations
اسلاید 17: 16 June 2005© Bennett, McRobb and Farmer 200517ReferencesBennett, McRobb and Farmer (2005)Checkland and Scholes (1990)(For full bibliographic details, see Bennett, McRobb and Farmer)
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