Organizations as Rational Systems
اسلاید 1: 1Organizations as Rational SystemsI. Introducing Rationality(1) The machine analogyessential parts which are well designed into a functional whole(2) Technical or functional rationalitythe extent to which a series of actions are organized in such a way to lead to predetermined goals with maximum efficiency
اسلاید 2: 2Organizations as Rational SystemsII. Defining Characteristics (1) Rational Calculationinformation, efficiency, optimization, design, implementation(2) Cognitive Limitationconstraints, authority, rules, performance programs, and coordination (bounded rationality)
اسلاید 3: 3Organizations as Rational SystemsII. Defining Characteristics (3) Goal Specificityproviding unambiguous criteria for selecting among alternative activitiesGeneral Goals vs. Specific goals
اسلاید 4: 4Organizations as Rational SystemsII. Defining Characteristics (4) Formalization of Rules and RolesThe rules are precisely formulated, and roles are prescribed independently of the personal attributes and relations of individuals occupying positions in the structure.Formalization involves organizational controls over individuals.
اسلاید 5: 5Organizations as Rational SystemsII. Defining Characteristics (4) Formalization of Rules and RolesThe Benefits of formalizationsa. Formalization increases predictability and accountability.b. Formalization reduces status battles or interpersonal tensions.c. Formalization objectifies the structure by making the roles and relations objective and external to participants.
اسلاید 6: 6Organizations as Rational SystemsII. Defining Characteristics (4) Formalization of Rules and RolesThe Benefits of formalizationsd. Formalization constitutes a functional alternative to the sociometric structure – the patterning of affective ties among participants.e. Formalization produces routinized and regularized structures independent of the participant of any particular individual.
اسلاید 7: 7Organizations as Rational SystemsIII. Four Schools (1) Taylor’s Scientific ManagementAnalyze jobs very carefully into their smallest aspects, and examine closely the capabilities of the workers, and then fit the two together to achieve the greatest economy (efficiency). Scientifically designed work procedures allow workers to work at peak efficiency.The assumptions of scientific management are:a.Tasks are calculable.b.Division of labor is efficient and productive.c.There is one best way to do a thing
اسلاید 8: 8Organizations as Rational SystemsIII. Four Schools (2) Fayol’s Administrative TheoryCoordinationscalar principleunity-of-command principlespan-of-control principleexception principleSpecializationdepartmentalization principleline-staff principle
اسلاید 9: 9Organizations as Rational SystemsIII. Four Schools (3) Weber’s BureaucracyThe rationalization process is the guiding principle behind bureaucracy. Division of LaborHierarchy of AuthorityWritten Rules and RegulationsImpersonalityEmployment Based on Technical Qualifications
اسلاید 10: 10Organizations as Rational SystemsIII. Four Schools (4) Simons theory of administrative behaviorEconomic Man vs. Administrative ManOrganizations simplify participants decisions and activities.Organizations also support participants in the decision they must make.bounded rationality: individuals can behave rationally, because their alternatives and choices are limited.
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