اختلالات و بیماری های چشم

اختلالات و بیماری های چشم

اسلاید 1: اختلالات چشم وبینایی

اسلاید 2: آناتومی و فیزیولوژی چشم

اسلاید 3: External StructuresEyelidsEyelashesConjunctivaCorneaScleraExtraocular muscles

اسلاید 4: The EyeballScleraChoroidRetinaOptic nerveFluid chambers Anterior chamber Posterior chamberLens

اسلاید 5: Figure 51-2

اسلاید 6: Figure 51-3

اسلاید 7: Visual PathwayLight enters eye, passes through transparent cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor These structures are called refractive media Refract (bend) horizontal and vertical light rays so that the light rays focus on the retina On retina, light rays are reversed and upside down Images carried as impulses through the optic nerve At optic chiasm, fibers from the left field from each eye join to form the left optic tract Fibers from right field of eye join to form right optic tract Images transmitted to the brain by way of the optic tracts

اسلاید 8: Figure 51-4

اسلاید 9: تغییرات چشم درسالمندیSkin around the eye becomes wrinkled and loose Eyelids usually have some excess tissue; not important unless it interferes with vision The amount of fat around the eye decreases, permitting the eyeball to sink deeper into the orbit Tear secretion diminishes; cornea less sensitive Grayish ring may be around the outer margin of the irisPupil smaller and responds more slowly to light Presbyopia: ability to focus is impaired

اسلاید 10:

اسلاید 11: Health HistoryHistory of present illness Record changes in visionIf pain, inquire about location and natureSensitivity to light (photophobia) Discharge from the eyesComplaints that the eyes feel dry and irritated Past medical history Diabetes, neurologic disorders, thyroid disease, hypertension

اسلاید 12: Health HistoryFamily history Any eye diseases as well as a history of arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and thyroid disease Functional assessment Patient’s occupation, roles, usual activities

اسلاید 13: معاینات چشم Inspect the external eye, assess response of the pupil to light, and evaluate gross visual acuity If abnormalities suspected, inform physician or advise patient to seek medical evaluation Acuity commonly tested with Snellen chart

اسلاید 14: Figure 51-5

اسلاید 15:

اسلاید 16: تست های تشخیصی چشم Ophthalmoscopic examinationVisual fieldsTonometryMeasure of electrical potential Fluorescein angiography Imaging proceduresCT, ultrasonography, radioisotope scanning, or MRI

اسلاید 17: Figure 51-6

اسلاید 18:

اسلاید 19:

اسلاید 20: Figure 51-7

اسلاید 21: Figure 51-8

اسلاید 22: Figure 51-9

اسلاید 23: Therapeutic MeasuresEye irrigationTopical medicationsMiotics (Pilocarpine, Carbachol)MydriaticsAnestheticsCycloplegicsAntibioticsAnti-inflammatory drugs Eye surgerySurgical incisions, lasers, and cryotherapy

اسلاید 24: Preoperative Nursing CareAssessmentPatient’s emotional state, ability to perform self-care, and knowledge of surgical routines and outcomesBe sure the patient understands the preoperative routineInterventionsAnxiety Self-Care Deficit

اسلاید 25: Postoperative Nursing CareAssessmentVital signs and level of consciousness Inspect dressing for bleeding or drainage Patient comfort, including pain and nausea If vision impaired, inspect environment for safety hazards Before discharge, determine patient’s understanding of and ability to administer prescribed medications by having the patient demonstrate self-medication

اسلاید 26: Postoperative Nursing CareInterventionsRisk for Injury Disturbed Sensory Perception Acute Pain Anxiety Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management

اسلاید 27: Protection of the Eyes and VisionPatient teachingافراد زیر 40 سال هر سه تا 5 سال معاینه چشمی داشته باشندAfter the age of 40, examinations every 2 years and should include testing for glaucoma When there are symptoms of eye problems, patients should seek medical advice

اسلاید 28: Protection of the Eyes and VisionPrevention of injuriesTeach young children the danger of throwing or poking objects at the faces of playmates Assess toys for safety Adult activities that produce sparks or cause fragments to be dispersed also cause injuries Advise protective eyewear for such potentially dangerous activities

اسلاید 29: Protection of the Eyes and VisionBasic eye care Gently cleanse the eyelids each time the face is washed; use a clean cloth without soap Wash eye from the inner canthus (near the nose) toward the outer canthus

اسلاید 30: Effect of Visual ImpairmentMild losses may require only some adaptations Serious losses affect independence, mobility, employment, and interpersonal relationships People grieve for the lost function just as they might grieve after the death of a loved one Factors that affect a person’s response to this loss include personality, usual coping style, effect of vision loss on the person’s life, and the circumstances of the loss

اسلاید 31: Care of the Visually Impaired PatientBe aware of visually impaired person’s thoughts and feelings about handicaps Assume that people with visual impairments can be independent and productive The person needs help with some tasks but should be treated as an adult The extent of vision loss determines the types of assistance needed

اسلاید 32: Care of the Visually Impaired PatientInterventionsDisturbed Sensory Perception Ineffective Coping Self-Care Deficit Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management

اسلاید 33: Figure 51-11

اسلاید 34: Figure 51-12

اسلاید 35: Disorders Affecting the Eye or Vision: Inflammation and Infectio