صفحه 1:
Group IV Cation Analysis
4 جدلسایک اتیونهایگ روم
Purpose
هدف
To determine which group IV ions are present in an
unknown solution.
مقصود ما این است که کاتیون های گروه 6 موجود در یک محلول مجهول را
شناسایی کنیم
1
Cen ne Oe
صفحه 2:
Background
* Cor this experiedwe ured the yup 10 ivas thot ure? Da",
K+, Oe", Cx, De.
برای این آزمایش ما به کاتیون های گروه 4 نیاز داریم که عبارت اند از *
سديميتاسيم؛باريم»كلسيم»منيزيم
عم 4/16 - 1 دصحي عصثاه نثاصا جمه عاوتانب عمسا صصه دوه ”]1” ۰
يون هاى كروه *6 كه در سمت جب بعد از كروه يك تا © هستند رسوب ميدهند ٠
0
صفحه 3:
صفحه 4:
ل
test Por Dat ceed (Ct ۷ - ظ)
تست شعله برای شناسایی سدیم و پتاسیم
+ Insoluble salts of sodium and potassium
are not known. a
۳ ۱ یار داریم
یک روش برای تععین وجوذ اين يون أها آزمون شعلة One method of determining the presence *
of these ions is the flame test. cial
Eel
یه ۵ مسیون
Glaeser) plas مدیم و پتاسیم نات اععلوم دز
صفحه 5:
۵-۳ ۸ )85+
ون وم توا و خن موب ۰
بط وا وس خن ای
نص سمهو ی[
با اضافه كردن پتاسیم کرومات رسوب زرد رنگی
,تشکیل میشود که نشان دهنده وجود يون باريم است
CO + 000 ری + و
سوت 9۵۶ مسلط
صفحه 6:
۰ 6۵ ولا test (app ween) wed tp oie
the preseure oP the too.
> تست شعله که به رنگ سیب سبزرنگ درمی آید برای تائید
.وجود اين يون به كار میرود
+ The final test for barium is the formation of
a white precipitate on the addition of a
sulfate to the solution.
تنتت:نهایی ابرای,بازیم توعی رسنوب سفید زنگ آست که یا
اضافه كردن محلولى از سولفات به دست مى آيد
خرلاكت + (ج) 050 < ( تیا + مه
(oa)
1
هه 6 سین
صفحه 7:
0 - Vest عون 0+
موی ما تمه ها مها موی و *
vache. ای مشش بو
Oa*(aq) + (OW) ;C.09(aq) FOVOO04 (5) + COW 4*
هه 6 سین
a
صفحه 8:
)۳ و۳ - 0
و لت( ملس tot ۲ 6 ۰
الح oH fe pene وم te سیم
اجه 6 سل
صفحه 9:
0-۲۷
این هه اس و مها ون با *
sul (weeny phosphate) rr or dbl
این
۱
صفحه 10:
صفحه 11:
صفحه 12:
Procedure - Experiment 12
- For this experiment, work individually.
صفحه 13:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
© — Phrve test Por Dat ord (>
(. Wet C wb oP a عم سا وی 10 مج
vekuewa fa os evaporatiny dok voll sot
تسم جر
©. Okt OO drops of OO Ole he اعد
reokke, ood cc hea fa the evapora deb
anal بط ات و
٩: (4 ماه ,هط بت با a piece of
0 ond woke 9 sad boop fa the
pad of he wire.
Olea the wire by chop the boop ft
powered (12 () WO}, cd eerie be
Lire ito he hotest par of the Pho.
8. (heey the wire athe Place uct te wire
evans a cob ip the Poe.
Scheme
roy 10 Odean
تسده و سین 500
صفحه 14:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
© — Phrve test Por Dat ord (>
©. Op the loop of the wire ta the wotst reste.
“P. Place the boop of the wire tothe جه عصان
vbserve the ovlor oP the Poe. (B briltrat
prone بحام Poe fro persists & u postive
صما طسو مت ام
. Olean tee wire (steps , S)
. ip the wire tie the soviet residue, ood tosert
the foop ead of the wire toto the hottest port of
the .عاط Observe the Pexve througk
obra bh Pier.
0.00 laveader Pre observed رایع ما
ioc ورن ورین ات سبط
oo
Scheme
roy 10 Odean
تسده و سین 500
صفحه 15:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
— Vest Por Ba?*
cob of Presk Braue IO tion © مان
frome (or wacko) sokion ino edhe test
0 © عم عوك © للد لم hube
(0 © حك وصف 0 لد © ناك 00110
0
. dd (drop 0 0 ۳۵ و he sone.
2 pelo previptaie cece thot bork tra &
با با وا
(۰ .مجك لجی مشاه سا یط هی()
3. Gave the devactate Por Pot C.
@
a.
oo
OF
Scheme
Ga —
صفحه 16:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
Scheme
® — Vest Por Ou?
ea ©. Vo he previptae, od OD WO! drops
andl he previpkie deooves, thea add UD wore
chops.
4 بطم © drops of the ماه to ot
pueporatery desk, cud heat weil cbt reoihae
مير (PerPore o Brrr test on the cost
سر
©. © weds, جا وا مورب dor or
ما لیر borne toc i preset.
9. Vo سا همم بط sokaio, لله ID
drops 8D WGOy.
(0.0 white previpiate dev trdoties born ira.
یه ۵ مسیون
صفحه 17:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
Scheme
C — Test Por Ou?*
4. Ok O O O1Lg to the supercrttet Proc Port
۵ لت he ookdioa te baste to time.
. 44ج 10 drops of scturcted (DW) C0
cand ofr.
. 8 hte previptte ی he preseace of
ی
PAP رات سوب موم و
the sohtion kaa water bak.
3. AP 3 previptate Borers, cect ce od devo.
. Gave مد بط Por Pant 0.
0
Coo © O
صفحه 18:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
Scheme
C — Test Por Ou?*
Odd 8 O WOlhip the white previpitate uel it .م
ID wore drops. ال ما ,ساسا
©. TrosPer the solution to ot evaporaticc dest
ما لو voto wis resihue neccice.
9. PerPorw وا هن test oo the woiet residue,
لیم ها وا ملس Reetioy 0.0
ts presect. ماه ما
صفحه 19:
Procedure - Group IV Separation
Scheme
© — Vest Por On
(OP he decorate Proxy Part O ts له ,تا مت
0.0 O11, ust بجنا ما حاصحا حا مامد حدا
hea ahd GO drops wore.
©. Odd 10 drops 1D Oa,WPO,, od vet he
okies aside Por وی و را موی
9. © whte, orverdice اس of
0 رن (orks the جلا مه (رسه
50010110101
صفحه 20:
Safety
۰ Couwruraed WC! ruses severe bores to the shi whick cot
fohe weehks to cowpletely hed cod dso cod couse serious Eye
dawage. Dhis chewiod dso destroys books ond clothiog. IP pou
yet cay oo pou, wusk the oPPected areu(s) wih copives وی
DP water Por tec wicutes.
* Ober 9 © aids coo couse burs. IP pou spill sowe oo pour
shia, wos the ofPevted aneu with water Por Five wicutes.
سوت 9۵۶ مسلط
صفحه 21:
Waste Disposal
Because the solutions used in this experiment
contain ions that can hazardous to the environment
and to human health, all solutions and
precipitates used in this experiment must be
placed in the container marked "Recovered Metals
and Metal lons".
1
هه 6 سین
Group IV Cation Analysis
4 جداسازیک ات یونهایگ روه
Purpose
هدف
To determine which group IV ions are present in an
unknown solution.
موجود در یک محلول مجهول را4 مقصود ما این است که کاتیون های گروه
شناسایی کنیم
Valdosta State University
Background
• For this experiment,we need the group IV ions that are: Na+,
K+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+.
• نیاز داریم که عبارت اند از4 برای این آزمایش ما به کاتیون های گروه
منیزیم،کلسیم،باریم،پتاسیم،سدیم
• These are ions which are left after groups I – III have
precipitated.
• هستند رسوب میدهند3 که در سمت چپ بعد از گروه یک تا4 یون های گروه
Valdosta State University
Background – Group IV Separation Scheme
4 ن قشه جداسازیک اتیونهایگ روه
Group IV Unknown
Flame Test K+
lavender flame
Flame Test Na+
orange-yellow flame
HC2H3O2,
K2CrO4
BaCrO4
yellow ppt.
6M HCl
Ba2+
Flame Test
apple - green
6M H2SO4
Ca2+, Mg2+
(NH4)2C2O4
BaSO4
white ppt.
CaC2O4
white ppt.
NH3(aq), NaH2PO4, heat
6M HCl
Flame Test
red-orange
Valdosta State University
Mg2+
MgNH4PO46H2O
white ppt.
Group IV Unknown
A – Flame test for Na+ and K+
Flame Test Na+
orange-yellow flame
Flame Test K+
lavender flame
تست شعله برای شناسایی سدیم و پتاسیم
محلولی از نمک های سدیم و پتاسیم نات معلوم در
اختیار داریم
یک روش برای تععین وجود این یون ها آزمون شعله
است
Valdosta State University
B – Test for Ba2+
HC2H3O2,
K2CrO4
BaCrO4
yellow ppt.
6M HCl
Ba2+
6M H2SO4
Flame Test
apple - green
• The formation of a yellow precipitate on the
addition of potassium chromate indicates the
presence of the barium ion.
با اضافه کردن پتاسیم کرومات رسوب زرد رنگی
تشکیل میشود که نشان دهنده وجود یون باریم است.
BaSO4
white ppt.
Ba2+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2K+
(aq)
K
Valdosta State University
• A flame test (apple green) is used to confirm
the presence of the ion.
تست شعله که به رنگ سیب سبزرنگ درمی آید برای تائید •
.وجود این یون به کار میرود
تست نهایی برای باریم نوعی رسوب سفید رنگ است که با
اضافه کردن محلولی از سولفات به دست می آید
Ba2+(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H+
)(aq
Valdosta State University
Ca2+, Mg2+
C – Test for Ca2+
(NH4)2C2O4
• The calcium ion is separated from magnesium
by precipitating calcium oxalate.
CaC2O4
Mg2+
6M HCl
Flame test
red-orange
Ca2+(aq) + (NH4)2C2O4(aq) CaC2O4(s) + 2NH4+
(aq)
Valdosta State University
Ca , Mg
2+
C – Test for Ca2+
• A flame test (red-orange flame) is used to
confirm the presence of the calcium ion.
2+
(NH4)2C2O4
CaC2O4
6M HCl
Flame test
red-orange
Valdosta State University
Mg2+
Ca , Mg
2+
C – Test for Mg2+
2+
• The magnesium ion is precipitated as a white
solid (ammonium phosphate) in an alkaline
solution.
K2C2O4
CaC2O4
Mg2+
NH3(aq)
Na2HPO4(aq)
6M HCl
Flame test
red-orange
Mg2+(aq) + NH3(aq) + HPO42-(aq)
MgNH4PO4(s)
MgNH4PO4–6H2O
white ppt.
Valdosta State University
Procedure – Experiment 12
- For this experiment, work individually.
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
A – Flame test for Na+ and K+
Group IV Unknown
Flame Test K+
lavender flame
Flame Test Na+
orange-yellow flame
Valdosta State University
1. Heat 2 mL of a Group IV cation known or
unknown in an evaporating dish until a moist
residue remains.
2. Add 20 drops of 6 M HCl to this moist
residue, and again heat in the evaporating dish
until a moist residue remains.
3. While the moist residue cools, obtain a piece of
Nichrome wire and make a small loop in the
end of the wire.
4. Clean the wire by dipping the loop in
concentrated (12 M) HCl, and inserting the
wire into the hottest part of the flame.
5. Keep the wire in the flame until the wire
imparts no color to the flame.
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
A – Flame test for Na+ and K+
Group IV Unknown
Flame Test K+
lavender flame
Flame Test Na+
orange-yellow flame
Valdosta State University
6. Dip the loop of the wire in the moist residue.
7. Place the loop of the wire in the flame and
observe the color of the flame. A brilliant
orange-yellow flame that persists is a positive
test for sodium ion.
8. Clean the wire (steps 4, 5)
9. Dip the wire into the moist residue, and insert
the loop end of the wire into the hottest part of
the flame. Observe the flame through a
cobalt blue filter.
10.A lavender flame observed through the cobalt
blue filter confirms potassium ion
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
HC2H3O2,
K2CrO4
BaCrO4
yellow ppt.
6M HCl
Ba2+
6M H2SO4
BaSO4
white ppt.
Valdosta State University
Flame Test
apple - green
B – Test for Ba2+
1. Obtain 2 mL of fresh Group IV cation
known (or unknown) solution in a medium test
tube and add 2 drops of 2 M
NH4C2H3O2 and 1 drop of 6 M
HC2H3O2.
2. Add 1 drop of 1 M K2CrO4 to the sample.
3. A yellow precipitate means that barium ion is
likely to be present.
4. Centrifuge the solution and decant.
5. Save the decantate for Part C.
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
B – Test for Ba2+
HC2H3O2,
K2CrO4
BaCrO4
yellow ppt.
6M HCl
Ba2+
6M H2SO4
BaSO4
white ppt.
Valdosta State University
Flame Test
apple - green
6. To the precipitate, add 6 M HCl dropwise
until the precipitate dissolves, then add 10 more
drops.
7. Transfer 5 drops of the solution to an
evaporating dish, and heat until a moist residue
remains. Perform a flame test on the moist
residue.
8. A weak, apple-green flame is also an
indication that barium ion is present.
9. To the remainder of the solution, add 10
drops 6 M H2SO4.
10.A white precipitate also indicates barium ion.
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
Ca , Mg
2+
C – Test for Ca2+
2+
(NH4)2C2O4
CaC2O4
6M HCl
Flame test
red-orange
Valdosta State University
Mg2+
1. Add 6 M NH3 to the supernatant from Part
B until the solution is basic to litmus.
2. Add 10 drops of saturated (NH4)2C2O4
and stir.
3. A white precipitate indicates the presence of
calcium ion.
4. If no precipitate appears immediately, warm
the solution in a water bath.
5. If a precipitate forms, centrifuge and decant.
6. Save the decantate for Part D.
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
Ca , Mg
2+
C – Test for Ca2+
2+
(NH4)2C2O4
CaC2O4
6M HCl
Flame test
red-orange
Valdosta State University
Mg2+
7. Add 6 M HCl to the white precipitate until it
dissolves, then add 10 more drops.
8. Transfer the solution to an evaporating dish
and heat until a moist residue remains.
9. Perform a flame test on the moist residue,
10.A fleeting red-orange flame is an indication
that calcium is present.
Procedure – Group IV Separation
Scheme
Ca , Mg
2+
D – Test for Mg2+
2+
(NH4)2C2O4
CaC2O4
Mg2+
NH3(aq)
Na2HPO4(aq)
6M HCl
Flame test
red-orange
MgNH4PO4–6H2O
white ppt.
Valdosta State University
1. If the decantate from Part C is not basic, add
6 M NH3 until the solution is basic to litmus,
then add 5 drops more.
2. Add 10 drops 1 M Na2HPO4 and set the
solution aside for approximately ten minutes.
3. A white, crystalline precipitate of
MgNH4PO4 (looks like snow) confirms the
presence of magnesium.
Safety
• Concentrated HCl causes severe burns to the skin which can
take weeks to completely heal and also can cause serious eye
damage. This chemical also destroys books and clothing. If you
get any on you, wash the affected area(s) with copious quantities
of water for ten minutes.
• Other 6 M acids can cause burns. If you spill some on your
skin, wash the affected area with water for five minutes.
Valdosta State University
Waste Disposal
Because the solutions used in this experiment
contain ions that can hazardous to the environment
and to human health, all solutions and
precipitates used in this experiment must be
placed in the container marked "Recovered Metals
and Metal Ions".
Valdosta State University
