روش تحقیق در انگلیسی ( LITERATURE, GENDER, FEMINIST CRITICISM by Richard Allen )
اسلاید 1: LITERATURE, GENDER, FEMINIST CRITICISM by Richard Allen
اسلاید 2: Defining termsTo be engaged with questions about gender and literary texts is to be engaged with gender politics, with difference and with discrimination.What we rather dispassionately call ‘literary theory’ comes close to our lives here for we are all in some way involved from day to day in the politics of gender—given that politics is about power. sex: is to do with an individual’s biologyMale femaleGender: describes a set of qualities that are defined or socially constructed in a particular society or culturemasculine feminine
اسلاید 3: Putting literature and gender together allows us to think, for example, about how individual texts or genres represent, and reflect on, these social processes.We can use Bildungsroman to describe a novel such as Charles Dickens’ Great ExpectationsThe development of Pip as a ‘gendered subject’ an individual with a developing masculine identity is surely at the heart of the novel, and his masculine route to adulthood is plainly different from the feminine route portrayed in Estella or BiddyAlthough Pip is plainly male, there is no description of his biological maleness, no mention of his unclothed body, of his shaving, of his voice being deep in pitch‘feminist criticism’: work written by people who think that learned gender differences especially and sometimes exclusively those which mark out women’s experiences as writers and readers.
اسلاید 4: Histories of English literature will regularly lead one to the conclusion that poetry is men’s workwhen women are involved in literature, it is far more likely to be as writers of novels.The idea of feminist criticism as a common endeavour, championing women’s writing as an apparently single thing, allows for a sense of solidarity and a sense of being empoweredLiterary criticism, apparently ungendered, seems somehow to include feminist criticism just as a gendered subcategory rather than leading equally to masculinist and feminist criticism.The idea of masculinist literary criticism that overtly celebrates men’s dominance, makes most people uneasymasculinist criticism often follows the paradigm of feminist criticism in looking for ways of presenting masculinity as somehow involving lack of power.
اسلاید 5: Thinking about women’s writingFeminist criticism is concerned, perhaps above all, with writing by women. In the nineteenth century, many novelists were women, but the names of a limited number are listedQuestions that arise in research about this course are:about the valuing and canonizing of writingsabout the actual numbers of novels in the period written by womenAnother set of questions is likely to focus much more on the way in which the novels are written.Conventional criticism might aim to answer the following: how is the writing ,the characterization, the plotting and so on inferior to what we find in novels we have canonized
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