زبان شناسی مقابله ای

زبان شناسی مقابله ای

اسلاید 1: نام درس: زبانشناسی مقابله ای پایه: ارشد رشته: آموزش زبان انگلیسی ارزش درس: 2 واحد منبع: کتابهای زیر تهیه کننده: دکتر مسعود راعی شریفگروه زبانشناسی و زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه پیام نور1. James, Carl. (1980). Contrastive Analysis. Longman Publications, 2. Richards, Jack C. (1972). Contrastive Analysis. Oxford University Press.

اسلاید 2: اهداف کلی درس: هدف عمده این درس در پایه ارشد آموزش و گسترش تواناییهای دانشجویان در زمینه پژوهش میان دو زبان پارسی و انگلیسی می باشد. دانشجویان می بایست بیاموزند چه نکات ساختاری، واژگانی، گویشی و ... میان دو زبان انگلیسی و پارسی شباهت دارند و چه نکاتی متفاوت هستند. سپس با یافتن این شباهتها و تفاوتها آنها خواهند دانست بر روی چه نکاتی بیشتر و یا کمتر توجه کنند. اغلب تصور می رود که شباهتها به یادگیری زبان کمک می کنند اما تئوریهایی هست که این نظریه را رد می کند. این درس پایه ریز اصلی پایان نامه های دانشجویان است چرا که هدف ما از این رشته اینست که با آگاهی از تفاوتها و شباهتهای دو زبان پارسی و انگلیسی یادگیری زبان انگلیسی را آسانتر سازیم. در واقع تفاوت میان رشته آموزش زبان که از آن به عنوان زبانشناسی کاربردی یاد می شود با زبانشناسی محض همین درس است.

اسلاید 3: جایگاه درس در میان دیگر دروس این رشته: تنها این درس است که چگونگی انجام یک پژوهش تطبیقی را میان دو زبان پارسی و انگلیسی آموزش می دهد. دانشجویان نیاز دارند که بدانند پژوهش پایان نامه خود را بر روی چه نکاتی انجام دهند، چگونه آنرا به مطالعات پیشین پیوند دهند و در همان حال چگونه کار خود را متمایز و منحصر به فرد سازند. شایان گفتن است که نباید این درس را با دو درس روش تحقیق یک و دو اشتباه گرفت چرا که آن دو درس زمینه ها و شیوه کار را فراهم می آورند و به ساختار مطالعه می پردازند در حالیکه این درس به محتوای مطالعه می پردازد. به عبارت دیگر اگر دروس روش تحقیق یک و دو به دانشجو می گویند چگونه پایان نامه بنویسد این درس به دانشجو می گوید پایان نامه خود را در باره چه بنویسد.

اسلاید 4: GuidelinesDear students: you are supposed to do the following:Provide a PowerPoint with this format in the fomr of questions and answersQuestions must appear in the red format above. Answers must appear in the format below (that’s this format) No spelling or grammatical errors. the number of words per slide must not exceed 30, if more break it to a new slide.Include headers and footers mentioning chapter number and slide number. Deadline is May 16, 12 AM.

اسلاید 5: Contrastive Analysis Source: Carl James Prepared by: Dr Masoud Raee SharifFor Master Students of English at Payam-e Noor UniversityENGLISH DEPARTMENT

اسلاید 6: Which one is a broad approach to linguistics?Generalists and particularists

اسلاید 7: What are generalists interested in?Human language in general

اسلاید 8: What are particularists interested in?Specific instances of human language

اسلاید 9: Between synchronic and diachronic, which approach looks at the static side of language?Synchronic

اسلاید 10: Between synchronic and diachronic, which approach looks at the evolutionary aspect of language?diachronic

اسلاید 11: What is interlanguage study interested in?The emergence of language rather than its finished product

اسلاید 12: Does CA belong to interlanguage study?Yes

اسلاید 13: Which one includes the other: interlanguage study or CA?Interlanguage study

اسلاید 14: What are the three branches of interlingual linguistics?Translation theory, error analysis, contrastive analysis

اسلاید 15: What is societal bilingualism?Bilingualism at large (the level of society)

اسلاید 16: What is individual bilingualism?Bilingualism at the level of individuals

اسلاید 17: What is incipient bilingualism?Elementary bilingualism

اسلاید 18: What is extant bilingualism?Advanced bilingualism (bilinguals)

اسلاید 19: What is the difference between transfer and interference?Positive, negative

اسلاید 20: What does parole mean?Performance

اسلاید 21: What does langue mean?Competence

اسلاید 22: Which branches does CA draw upon?A hybrid of Linguistics and psychology

اسلاید 23: Is Carl James concerned with applied or theoretical CA?Applied

اسلاید 24: Discuss the difference between the Interference theory and the ignorance hypothesis with view of their assumption of the source of errors?Interference says the source of errors is 1st language whereas ignorance hypothesis attributes it to ignorance or lack of knowledge for the correct structure in the target language.

اسلاید 25: Does Carl James believe in the study of CA from a cognitive perspective?No

اسلاید 26: Does a CAnalyst need to become a psycholinguist?No

اسلاید 27: What is the goal of CA? Psychology

اسلاید 28: What is the means of CA?Linguistics

اسلاید 29: What is interlingual level shift?State where a lexical distinction in one language is expressed through another, say grammatical level in another language.

اسلاید 30: What is interlingual rank shift?When a say clausal distinction in one language is expressed through a phrasal distinction in another.

اسلاید 31: Which five processes are at work in L2 acquisition?L1 transfer, transfer of training from L2, overgeneralization of L2 rules, strategies of communication, strategies of L2 learning.

اسلاید 32: Is microlinguistics the theoretical aspect of CA?No it is the practical aspect

اسلاید 33: Are transfer rules directional?Yes

اسلاید 34: Are grammatical rules directional?No

اسلاید 35: What are the three important approaches to phonetics?Articulatory, acoustic, auditory

اسلاید 36: What does selectional restrictions mean?That certain combinations are possible in a language but not the others.

اسلاید 37: What is phonotactics?combination of sounds, or restrictions as to the co-occurrence of sounds

اسلاید 38: What is taxonomic phonology?It is the approach that sets out phoneme settings, combinatorial possibilities of phonemes (phonotactics) and non-distinctive variations of these units in different languages.

اسلاید 39: What is the basic assumption of generative phonology?That the surface structure of an utterance is derived from deep structure.

اسلاید 40: What constitutes the tertium comparationis of generative phonology?Distinctive features

اسلاید 41: What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?Linguistic determinism, that different language communities have different interpretations of the same reality (since language determines our perception of reality)

اسلاید 42: What information does a lexical entry contain?Morphological specification, syntactic specification, semantic specification

اسلاید 43: What does verba dicendi include?A notional class of verbs

اسلاید 44: What is hyponymy?Coordinate or sisterhood relationship between words of the same level

اسلاید 45: What is selectional restrictions?Regulations and limitations as to the lexemes that can co-occur.

اسلاید 46: Which term is code linguistics synonymous to?Microlinguistics

اسلاید 47: What other aspect of language other than knowledge of the code is necessary for communication?Sensitivity

اسلاید 48: How does the simple formula that expresses the six Hymesian variables read?Who says what to whom, where and when , how and why

اسلاید 49: What are the two areas of study in macrolinguistics?Text analysis, discourse analysis

اسلاید 50: What are the broad perspectives of macrolinguistics?Formal and functional

اسلاید 51: In Carl James opinion, the distinction between text and discourse analysis is similar to Widdowson’s distinction between ……… and ……..Usage and use

اسلاید 52: What are the variables in Carl James’ CA?Formal devices

اسلاید 53: What is a hyperonym?a super-ordinate term, the most general term

اسلاید 54: What is a hyponym?Coordinate words

اسلاید 55: What is a superordinate term?a hyperonym

اسلاید 56: What is exophoric reference?Reference to real word entities, e.g my car (in a sentence)

اسلاید 57: What is endophoric reference?Reference-in-text

اسلاید 58: What is anaphoric reference?Backward reference in endophoric reference

اسلاید 59: What is cataphoric reference?Anticipatory reference, looking ahead

اسلاید 60: What are the syntactic devices for achieving cohesion?ReferenceEllipsisComparisonparallel structure

اسلاید 61: What does being relevant mean in the light of FSP?Means relating new information to what is already known either by cotext or by context

اسلاید 62: What does inversion mean in the light of FSP?Markedness, or departure from the default or normal word order

اسلاید 63: What is clefting?Addition of an expletive clause at the beginning of a kernel SVO sentence as in: What we want is Wineys

اسلاید 64: What are the three possible approaches to text analysis?textual characterizationtext typetranslated texts

اسلاید 65: What is meant by textual characterization?Collection of data on the preferences shown by each pair of languages for the use of certain devices for achieving textual cohesion.

اسلاید 66: What can a piece of text emphasize on?ContentFormAppeal

اسلاید 67: Can any test be emphasizing on one of content, form or appeal alone?No, texts emphasize on a blend of them

اسلاید 68: What is speech act?Things we do with language

اسلاید 69: What is colingual community?A group of individuals who can communicate with each other in certain ways characteristic of their group.

اسلاید 70: What are the four maxims that all conversations conform to?Quantity, quality, relevance, manner

اسلاید 71: What does Grice’s concept of ‘conversational implicatures’ mean?Conclusions made on the basis of a conversation

اسلاید 72: How many ways are there in English to refer to unmentionables without being offensive?Two, technical terms, euphemism

اسلاید 73: Does English have overt status marking means?No

اسلاید 74: Does English have covert status marking means?Yes

اسلاید 75: What are the two characteristics of phatic communion?Indexicality, deicticism

اسلاید 76: What does ‘having communicative competence mean’? To be able to activate strategies to avoid communication breakdown and to main the floor of conversation

اسلاید 77: What constitutes the scale of units of discourse in that order?Turn, move, exchange, conversation

اسلاید 78: What are conversational gambits?Techniques used to lubricate a conversation that is already started.

اسلاید 79: What does theoretical CA look for?Realizations of a universal category in all human languages

اسلاید 80: What does applied CA look for?How given category X in language A is represented in language B

اسلاید 81: Which CA is STATIC? applied or theoretical?Theoretical

اسلاید 82: What are the advantages of theoretical CA?Economy in the study of languagesConstant or recurrent reference to tertium comparationis

اسلاید 83: What are the disadvantages of theoretical CA?Neglects applied CAConducted by target language linguists with little interest in L1

اسلاید 84: Why is so little known about applied CA?Because of overemphasis on theoretical CA

اسلاید 85: When was CA particularly criticized?After the demise of behaviorism and the transfer theory

اسلاید 86: Which theory best characterizes the censure against CAThe ignorance hypothesis

اسلاید 87: What does the ignorance hypothesis say?That the cure for interference is simply the cure for ignorance: learning, not the theories proposed by C Analyst