Care Cure or Control

Care Cure or Control

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: Care, Cure or Control?A Total and a General DieteticsDr. Rick DolphijnHumanities; Utrecht University; the Netherlandsrick.dolphijn@let.uu.nl

اسلاید 3: Voedingscentrum (the Netherlands Nutrition Centre)Men have to consume 2500 Kcal a day, women 2000. Everyone should eat two pieces of fruit and two ounces of vegetables a day. Children and elderly people should drink cow’s milk as the calcium makes their bones stronger. Everyone should try to reduce the intake of saturated fat.

اسلاید 4: Modern Medical theories ruleStarts with Justus Liebig in the mid 19th centuryOvercodes european naturalist traditions immediatelySpreads its power in the colonial world since late 19th century (f.i. Ayurvedic principles)After WO II or 1989 also in entire postcolonial world (f.i. Chinese traditional Medicine)

اسلاید 5: How to study dietetic change?Historically (pre-modern and modern)Culturally (Western, Ayurverdic, CTM)Politically (a Total and a General Dietetics)Here we propose a reading of the political dietetics by rethinking both the historical and the cultural.

اسلاید 6: The Political: expanding Foucault & RosenMedical supervision... is inseparable from a whole series of other controls: the military control over the deserters, the fiscal control over commodities, administrative control over remedies, rations, disappearances, cures, deaths, simulations (Foucault 1995: 144) “The protection and promotion of the health and welfare of its citizens is considered to be one of the most important functions of the modern state” (Rosen 1985: 17)

اسلاید 7: Diaita as ponos and gymnasion. Hippocrates: finding the aisa through pantra metra, the harmonic balances between the human being and what surrounds him. Foucault: it was a complete art of living.Even Socrates when quoted by Xenophon stresses the importance of observing and recording what benefits the body and he entrusts his listeners with the thought that it is thus that one can find the best way to stay healthy. Hippocrates (460?-377? BC)Plato (428?-347 BC)Galen (129-199)Justus von Liebig (1803-1873)Nutritional science2008Naturalist treatmentsscienceThe Political in History (1)

اسلاید 8: Plato (in the Republic) claims that the reasonable man is in search for education along the paths of the muses and sees no benefit in devoting much of his time to his physical condition and training.Plato (in the Laws) claims that there are two kinds of doctors; those for the free who convince and then prescribe, and those for the slaves who just order the patient what to do. Plato places dietetics under the rule of the mind an the patient under the rule of the doctor. Hippocrates (460?-377? BC)Plato (428?-347 BC)Galen (129-199)Justus von Liebig (1803-1873)Nutritional science2008Naturalist treatmentsscienceThe Political in History (2)

اسلاید 9: Galen locates Hippocrates humoral imbalances in the body, moing from a dynamic dietetics to static anatomyGalen continues Plato: the doctor knows the body, and thus is capable of controlling it. The Greek diaita (‘lifestyle’, ‘way of life’ and ‘means of sustaining life’) is changed into the Latin concept of diateta (the rules of life as defined by the doctor) Christianity, in its preference of the mind over the body, accepts this Roman opposition; it is the only world religion that has no dietetic regulations. (It only accepts abstinence of food: fasting)Hippocrates (460?-377? BC)Plato (428?-347 BC)Galen (129-199)Justus von Liebig (1803-1873)Nutritional science2008Naturalist treatmentsscienceThe Political in History (3)

اسلاید 10: The Political in Culture (1)AyurvedaFirst Century A.C. under King Kanisha of Kushan DynastyAgnivesa Tantra rewritten by Caraka (=Carakasamhita) Dietery norms (vidhi) produce a normative system of saatvik, rajasik and tamasik food. Categorizations that lie on the basis of socio-cultural life ever since.

اسلاید 11: Conclusion: a Total and a General Dietetics Health is a part of policy, as a means for control (institutionalization)The body and its illnesses are carefully mapped (it is ontological and localizing)Strict difference between medicine and foodTheorematic traditionsHealth as an insight into life, as an aesthetics of lifeNo strict systematics of definitions (it is dynamic and general)Differences in the effects produced (non-essentialist)Problematic traditions

اسلاید 12: …the eternal return of the generalAyurvedic dietetics (in their focus on the substances, qualities, and actions that can be life-enhancing) kept stressing the need for an immanent semiology (called the Trividh Pariksha) in which all senses and sense organs of the medic (except the mouth) should be opened up and serve to find the imbalances of the sick by all means.Zhang Zhongjing (150-219 A.D.), known as the Saint of Medicine, of whom many fragments on the dangers of theoretical formalization have been kept. He stated for instance: It seems to me that physicians nowadays fail to look into medical science and improve their medical skills. Instead, following the same way as their ancestors in practice and adhering to the old therapies, these physicians examine patients and listen to their complaints, and all of them give basis for their treatment… Friedrich Hoffmann (1660-1742), whose iatromechanical model of medicine follows Galen (and Descartes), yet by introducing Leibniz, tries to give it back its dynamism.