Conventional and Complementary medicine (Chapter 15)
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اسلاید 2: 2Conventional and Complementary medicineChapter 15©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
اسلاید 3: 3©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Self-CareSelf-AssessmentSymptoms are often an expression of the body’s attempt to heal itselfCarefully observing symptoms lets you identify those signals that suggest you need professional assistanceBody’s vital signsTemperatureHeart rateMedical self-testsBlood pressureBlood sugarPregnancy detectionUrinary tract infections
اسلاید 4: 4©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.KNOWING WHEN TO SEE A PHYSICIANSee a physician for symptoms that you would describe as:SevereUnusualPersistentRecurrentEmergencies include the following:Major trauma or injuryUncontrollable bleedingIntolerable and uncontrollable painSevere shortness of breathPersistent abdominal painPoisoning or drug overdoseLoss of consciousness or seizureStupor, drowsiness, or disorientationSevere or worsening reaction to an insect bite or sting or to a medication
اسلاید 5: 5©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.SELF-TREATMENTNon-drug optionsSelf-medicationOver-the-counter (OTC) medicationsSimple guidelines to self-medicate safely:Always read labels and follow directions carefullyDo not exceed the recommended dosage or length of treatmentUse caution if you are taking other medications or supplements (including herbal supplements)Try to select medications with one active ingredient Try to buy generic drugsNever take or give a drug from an unlabeled containerIf pregnant or nursing, or have a chronic condition, consult health care provider before self-medicatingBe aware of expiration dateStore your medications in a cool, dry placeUse caution with aspirin
اسلاید 6: 6©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.FIGURE 15.1 READING AND UNDERSTANDING OTC DRUG LABELS
اسلاید 7: 7©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Professional careBroad network of professionals and organizations, including:Independent practitionersHealth care providersHospitalsClinics Public and private insurance programsComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM)Therapies and practices that do not form part of conventional mainstream medicineComplementary practices: those used together with conventional modalitiesAlternative practices: those used instead of conventional modalitiesIntegrative medicine: conventional health practices to which a CAM modality is addedMost commonly used CAM therapies:Nonvitamin, nonmineral natural products; chiropractic care; deep breathing exercises; meditation; massage; and yoga
اسلاید 8: 8©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Conventional medicinePremises and assumptions of conventional medicineWestern medicine is the belief that disease is caused by identifiable physical factorsIdentifies:PathogensBacteria or virusesGenetic factorsUnhealthy lifestylesRelies on pharmaceuticals, surgery, and advanced medical technology to correct, remove, or destroy physical causesBased on scientific method of obtaining knowledgeEmpiricalRationalTestableParsimoniousGeneral Rigorously evaluatedTentative
اسلاید 9: 9©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.The providers of conventional medicineMedical doctors (MDs)Doctors of osteopathic medicine (ODs)PodiatristsOptometristsDentistsAllied health care providers:Registered nurses (RNs)Licensed vocational nurses (LVNs)Physical therapists (PTs)Social workersRegistered dietitians (RDs)Physician assistants (PAs)Nurse practitionersCertified nurse midwives
اسلاید 10: 10©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Choosing a primary care physicianBegin making a list of possible choicesCheck insurance limitsAsk for recommendationsFamily, friends, coworkers, local medical societies, and the physician referral service at a local clinic or hospitalOnce you have a list of physicians, call their office and find out some informationIs the physician covered by your insurance plan and accepting new patients?What are the office hours?Which hospitals does the physician use?How many other physicians are available to cover when unavailable?How long does it usually take to get a routine appointment?Does the physician give advice over the phone?
اسلاید 11: 11©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.GETTING THE MOST OUT OF YOUR MEDICAL CAREThe physician-patient partnershipYour appointment with your physicianThe diagnostic processMedical historyPhysical examDiagnostic testing – false negatives, false positivesX-raysBiopsiesBlood and urine tests ScansEndoscopiesMedical and surgical treatmentsPrescription medicationsAdverse drug eventsMedication errorsOff-label drug useOnline pharmaciesCostsSurgery
اسلاید 12: 12©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Complementary and alternative medicineHolistic: CAM tends to focus on an integration of mind, body, and spirit in seeking ways to restore the whole person to harmonyAlternative medical systemsTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM)The free and harmonious flow of qi (the life force) produces healthHerbal remedies – medicines prepared from plantsAcupuncture – insertion of thin needles into the skinQi is believed to flow through the body along several meridians (pathways), acupuncture points along those meridiansHomeopathy“Like cures like”Placebo effectNaturopathy The body has the ability to restore and maintain optimal health
اسلاید 13: 13©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Mind-body MedicinesMakes use of the integral connection between mind and bodyMeditationYogaVisualizationTaijiquanBiofeedbackHypnotherapy
اسلاید 14: 14©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Natural ProductsConsist primarily of: Herbal therapies or remediesBotanicalsExtracts from animal tissuesDietary supplementsCommon element in most systems of traditional medicineSafety concerns
اسلاید 15: 15©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Manipulative and body-based practicesTouch and body manipulation are long-standing forms of health careManual healing is based on the idea that misalignment or dysfunction in one part of the body causes pain or dysfunction in another partChiropractic medicine
اسلاید 16: 16©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Other cam practicesEnergy therapies: forms of treatment that use energy originating either within the body (biofields) or from other sources (electromagnetic fields)QigongTherapeutic touchReikiBioelectromagnetic-based therapies
اسلاید 17: 17©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Evaluating complementary and alternative therapiesWorking with your physicianAreas to discussSafetyEffectivenessTimingCostQuestioning the CAM practitionerWhy he or she thinks the therapy will be beneficialDescribe in detail any conventional treatments you are receivingAsk how long the therapy should lastAsk about the expected cost of the treatmentDoing your own research
اسلاید 18: 18©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Paying for health careThe current systemCombination of private and public insurance plans, patient out-of-pocket payments, and government assistanceHealth insuranceTraditional fee-for service (indemnity) plansManaged-care plansHealth maintenance organizations (HMOs)Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)Point-of-service (POS) plansGovernment programsMedicareMedicaidHealth Care ReformThe Affordable Care Act of 2010
اسلاید 19: 19©2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.Conventional and Complementary medicineChapter 15
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