Decision Support Systems: An Overview
اسلاید 1: 1Decision Support Systems: An Overview
اسلاید 2: 2DSS DefinitionsLittle (1970) “model-based set of procedures for processing data and judgments to assist a manager in his decision making” Assumption: that the system is computer-based and extends the user’s capabilities. Alter (1980) Contrasts DSS with traditional EDP systems (Table 3.1)
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اسلاید 4: 4Moore and Chang (1980)1. Extendible systems2. Capable of supporting ad hoc data analysis and decision modeling3. Oriented toward future planning4. Used at irregular, unplanned intervals Bonczek et al. (1980) A computer-based system consisting of1. A language system -- communication between the user and DSS components2. A knowledge system3. A problem-processing system--the link between the other two components
اسلاید 5: 5Keen (1980)DSS apply “to situations where a ‘final’ system can be developed only through an adaptive process of learning and evolution” Central Issue in DSS support and improvement of decision making
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اسلاید 7: 7Working Definition of DSSA DSS is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable CBIS, specially developed for supporting the solution of a non-structured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, it provides easy user interface, and it allows for the decision maker’s own insights DSS may utilize models, is built by an interactive process (frequently by end-users), supports all the phases of the decision making, and may include a knowledge component
اسلاید 8: 8Characteristics and Capabilities of DSS1. Provide support in semi-structured and unstructured situations, includes human judgment and computerized information2. Support for various managerial levels3. Support to individuals and groups4. Support to interdependent and/or sequential decisions5. Support all phases of the decision-making process6. Support a variety of decision-making processes and styles7. Are adaptive8. Have user friendly interfaces (ease o fuse)9. Goal: improve effectiveness of decision making10. The decision maker controls the decision-making process11. Refinement of system12. End-users can build simple systems13. Utilizes models for analysis14. Provides access to a variety of data sources, formats, and types (knowledge)
اسلاید 9: 9Characteristics and Capabilities of DSS
اسلاید 10: Major Benefits of DSSSupport the solution of complex situationFast response to unexpected situationAbility to try several different strategies under different configuration, quickly and objectivelyNew insight and learningFacilitated communicationImproved management control and performanceCost savingObjective decisionImprove managerial effectivenessImproved productivity of analysts
اسلاید 11: 11DSS Components1. Data Management Subsystem2. Model Management Subsystem3. Knowledge-based (Management) Subsystem4. User Interface Subsystem (Dialog mngt)
اسلاید 12: 12DSS Components
اسلاید 13: 13The Data Management Subsystem DSS databaseCollection of interrelated data organizedcorresponds to the needs and structure of an organizationCan be used by more one person for than one apllicationDatabase management systemDatabase created, accessed and updated by a DBMSFunction : storage, retrieval, controlData directoryCatalog of all the data in the databaseQuery facilityElements that provide the basis for access to data
اسلاید 14: 14The Data Management Subsystem
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اسلاید 16: 16DSS Database IssuesData warehouse Data miningSpecial independent DSS databases Extraction of data from internal, external, and private sourcesWeb browser data access Web database serversMultimedia databasesSpecial GSS databases (like Lotus Notes / Domino Server)Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)Object-oriented databasesCommercial database management systems (DBMS)
اسلاید 17: 17The Model Management Subsystem Model baseContains routine and special statistical, financial, management science and other quantitative models that provide the analysis capabilities in DSSModel base management systemSoftware system with functions: model creation, using subroutines and other building blocksGeneration new routines and reportsModel updating and changingData manipulationModeling languageModel directoryCatalog of all models in the model baseModel execution, integration, and command processor
اسلاید 18: 18The Model Management Subsystem
اسلاید 19: 19Model Management Issues Model level: Strategic, managerial (tactical), and operational Modeling languagesLack of standard MBMS activities. WHY?Use of AI and fuzzy logic in MBMS
اسلاید 20: 20The Knowledge Based (Management) Subsystem Provides expertise in solving complex unstructured and semi-structured problems Expertise provided by an expert system or other intelligent systemAdvanced DSS have a knowledge based (management) componentLeads to intelligent DSSExample: Data mining
اسلاید 21: 21The User Interface (Dialog) Subsystem Includes all communication between a user and the MSSGraphical user interfaces (GUI)Voice recognition and speech synthesis possibleTo most users, the user interface is the system
اسلاید 22: Dialog management
اسلاید 23: 23The User Different usage patterns for the user, the manager, or the decision maker Managers Staff specialistsIntermediaries 1. Staff assistant 2. Expert tool user 3. Business (system) analyst 4. GSS Facilitator
اسلاید 24: 24DSS Hardware Evolved with computer hardware and software technologies Major Hardware Options MainframeWorkstationPersonal computerWeb server systemInternetIntranetsExtranets
اسلاید 25: Classification of DSSData-oriented vs model oriented (Alter, 1980)Institusional vs Ad Hoc DSS (Donovan & Madnick, 1977)Degree of Nonprocedurality (Bonczek, et al, 1980)Personal, Group and Organizational Support (Hackathorn & Keen, 1981)Individual vs Group DSSCustom-made vs ready-made system
اسلاید 26: Big Picture of DSS
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