Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians

Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians

اسلاید 1: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary TechniciansChapter 23Herbal Therapeutics

اسلاید 3: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Basic TerminologyAlternative medicine refers to treatments or therapies that are outside accepted conventional medicineComplementary medicine refers to the use of alternative therapies with or in addition to conventional treatment

اسلاید 4: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Types of Alternative and Complementary MedicineVeterinary acupuncture and acutherapyExamination and stimulation of body points by use of acupuncture needles, injections, and other techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of conditionsVeterinary chiropracticExamination, diagnosis, and treatment of animals through manipulation and adjustmentsVeterinary physical therapyUse of noninvasive techniques for rehabilitationVeterinary homeopathyTreatment by administration of substances that are capable of producing clinical signs in healthy animals

اسلاید 5: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Types of Alternative and Complementary MedicineVeterinary botanical medicineUses plants and plant derivatives as therapeutic agentsNutraceutical medicineUses micronutrients, macronutrients, and other nutritional supplements as therapeutic agentsHolistic veterinary medicineComprehensive approach to health care using both alternative and conventional diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches

اسلاید 6: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Western vs. Chinese Herbal MedicineWestern herbal medicineHolds that individuals have an inner force that works to maintain physical, emotional, and mental healthTeaches that many diseases occur because an individual’s inner force or natural immune system is out of balanceChinese traditional herbal medicineBased on a holistic philosophy of life that emphasizes the relationship among the mental, emotional, and physical components of each individual; also stresses the importance of harmony among individuals, their social groups, and the greater populationAttempts to restore health through correction of imbalances within a patient’s body or between the patient and natural order

اسلاید 7: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Herbal SupplementsHerbal supplements are one of the fastest growing segments of the dietary supplement market in the United StatesOne reason may be the desire for a more holistic approach to health careAnother reason may be that people believe conventional treatments have real or perceived limitationsAnother reason may be that people believe natural products do not have side effectsHerbs have been used for a long timeAdvertising methods have influenced people’s buying behavior

اسلاید 8: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Quality ControlHerbal supplements do not require FDA approval because they are considered food supplementsHerbal supplements may have active ingredients that vary among dose formsThe FDA is working with several trade organizations to develop guidelines for herbal supplementsTable 23-1 covers other factors affecting herb qualitySee Table 23-2 for information on herbal forms

اسلاید 9: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Ginkgo Ginkgo bilobaActive ingredients are ginkgo flavone glycosides and terpene lactonesUsed to reduce aging effects of the nervous system, to reduce hypertension, and as a general tonic in animalsMay inhibit cytochrome P450 and induce hypoglycemia

اسلاید 10: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.St. John’s Wort Hypericum perforatumActive component, hyperforin, regulates the effects of serotoninUsed to treat behavior disorders such as lick granulomas, aggression, separation anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disordersMay inhibit cytochrome P450, affect blood pressure, and cause photosensitivity

اسلاید 11: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Ginseng Panax ginsengActive component, ginsenosides, are responsible for increasing energy, countering stress, and enhancing physical performanceAlso seems to stimulate natural killer cell activityUsed to treat weight loss, anorexia, and systemic infectionsMay affect blood glucose levels, increase blood pressure and heart rate, increase GI motility, and induce seizures at high levels

اسلاید 12: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Garlic Allium sativumActive component, allicin, causes reduction of cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and hypertensionBelieved to have anticarcinogenic propertiesUsed to treat parasitic infections, fungal infections, and respiratory problems, and to acidify urine (some with limited success)May cause inhibition of platelet aggregation, prolonged bleeding times, GI upset, and Heinz body anemia

اسلاید 13: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Echinacea Echinacea purpureaActive components, fructofuranosides, contribute to tissue regeneration, regulation of the inflammatory response, and a mild cortisone-like effectStimulates phagocytosis and natural killer cell activityUsed to shorten the severity and duration of infectionsSide effects are minimal

اسلاید 14: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Saw palmetto Serenoa repensFatty acids from the berries produce an enzyme to prevent the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosteroneUsed to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, to stimulate appetite, and as a mild diureticSide effects are minimal other than gastrointestinal problems

اسلاید 15: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Evening primrose Oenothera biennisContains gamma-linolenic acid, an acid in the omega-6 familyUsed to treat premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, and eczema in humansSide effects include loose stools and abdominal crampsMay lower the seizure threshold in some on phenothiazine medication; use caution in animals

اسلاید 16: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensisActive ingredient, berberine, gives goldenseal its antibacterial and antiparasitic propertiesUsed to treat bacterial and parasitic infectionsSide effects include cardiac problems, and stimulation of the CNS and uterine contractions

اسلاید 17: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarponInterferes with the attachment of urinary pathogens to the urinary bladder wallUsed to treat urinary tract infectionsSide effects include diarrhea, stomach problems, and the development of kidney stones

اسلاید 18: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Valerian Valeriana officinalisVolatile oils in valerian break down the inhibitory substance GABAUsed to treat hyperactivity in dogs, for mild tranquilization, and as a sleep aidSide effects include hepatotoxicity with long-term use and interaction with other depressant drugs

اسلاید 19: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.Advice Regarding HerbsThe National Animal Supplement Council has developed a “Compliance Plus” program to develop standards for the herbal supplement and product industryProvides reliable information to clients about possible side effects or interactionsFollow general guidelines listed

اسلاید 20: © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation.General Guidelines for HerbsAsk all clients whether they give herbs or other supplements to their animalsInform clients that herb-drug interactions existEncourage the use of standardized products from respected manufacturersUse herbal therapies in recommended dosesAvoid herbs with known toxicitiesDo not use herbs in pregnant or nursing animals, the very young, or the very oldAccurate diagnosis of the animal’s condition is essential to evaluate all therapeutic optionsDocument all herb or supplement use in the animal’s medical record