Health Risk Assessment

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Oka ۶ #9 ‎keozards sad thetr‏ رای ول ‎karwAul efieote (aoutelokrrate)‏ 1 7 ما هس جات ععی ی ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‏0 سا ‎Gok‏ ‏حتفم امامت 6 ايه سو 0ك ‎eke to GL ORF?‏ ۱ 9[ و ‏تیاه سس تمسق ‎iaiercrato‏ ما ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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The selection and expertise of the Health Risk Assessment Team will be dictated by: Osize and complexity of the Assessment Unit or activity being assessed e.g. Platform, Gas Plant ONature and severity of of the hazards and risks involved OFamiliarity of the activities 

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© Getevios oP tea * Team Leader / Asset owner-Line manager such as OIM, plant manager or representative of facility being assessed * Team Member - Individuals such as operational staff, line supervisor familiar with plant operation and process * Local Advisor - Individuals such as medic/OH nurse, HSE advisor, who can advise on the HRA process and exposure controls ¢ Specialist Staff - Occupational hygienist, OH physician, toxicologist, ergonomist 

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© Getevios oP tea To gather necessary information team members must be able to: * Observe the activity being performed * Predict any potential departure from observed practice * Ask supervisors, staff etc. the relevant questions * Undertake simple diagnostic tests * Identify and review relevant technical literature * Gather the information systematically * Form valid, justifiable conclusions about exposures and risks 

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© Getevios oP tea To gather necessary information team members must be able to: ٠ Follow up fundamental questions about any exposures to occur. * Appreciate the range and limitations of possible control measures and their relative reliability * Look critically at existing arrangements * Specify the type of control measures needed ۰ ۸۵ for specialist assistance if required 

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Vhe required level oP chil gad evel oP ‏موی‎ Por the teu: Peav bewer Qworevess - Oorkiag howled Teav Oewber QOorkicy haowledye - ‏لصا‎ bord @duiewr Ghiled Gpevtatet ‏سوه(‎ 

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۷ Cowpeteat Perso QO! awen who hos the koowledye to keow wat ke ts fooktag Por aed the experteure to revoysise t wheo ke Sees tt... :خإم ی( هه ‎O) Opxopeteure‏ OF (etek ‏داه لا‎ ‏حوور لا‎ 

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۷ Guhertay 1۱۳۵۲۰ ه() مج ججییه() سوه تا رروراك لا 

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02 Wow to select Ossessweet Outs OD be wesessuedt vil is what ty wihic the bourdartes oP te WRO Od@ssesserd vats shoud be seP-ppotaeed, ether: physiodly pr ‏5د‎ ۰ ۳۳ وروی باون وا ۴و وروت چورون الیو 4۱ OD be coture oad the severiy oP the hazards odd rshs twobed, the Pocvitartiy oP the tusk, wouluble rescues und pour 

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۷ ‏من م۵‎ Prepordica Ov wt Porset to! OSet a realistic time frame to actually carry out an HRA Oconduct an HRA according to a mutually agreed program Ouse standardized HRA formats Oprovide sufficient time for report writing, sharing comments and feedback OKeep ownership of HRA with the Business Unit 6 ده 4و 

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۷ ‏من م۵‎ Prepordica ‎ready woterta dod rePereuses suck us:‏ عم بطاون ‎Optians and drawings for plant specifications‏ ‎A Ipcident ( injury reports (incl. occupational illnesses) and incident investigations ‎Optant and equipment fault reports QOMaintenance records for control measures ‎Records of health surveillance and sickness absence ‎QOccupational hygiene surveys, health and safety surveys ‎OMinutes of health and safety committee meetings ‏6 ده مه ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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وطا و۱ ان ‎Oxkiticod sources‏ 7 Colevt pre reuday woertd un rePerewes suck uw! ORelevant Shell HSE publications OBusiness Health Hazard Inventories Ocompany standards ONational legal standards OLocal health regulations ‎epanal guidelines and standards‏ 1ل ‎WHO, ISO)‏ ‎industry standards, manufacturers/suppliers‏ ‎ROG Ok OF ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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7 Oke oe Wed Wazards OO ‘edk Varad ker te pout vase how t hedlk Mbedis hazards way be divided toy the Polowiegy youps: 

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وی رو ‎oP‏ طسوت لور 02 ‎Cause Putultes ta hee short pr bay era‏ للا ‎a Lie discuss (short terw), varckoypur substrues (looy ‏ها‎ ‏روت کون لته موف ‎the cowpuep ty substodtd‏ موق لا ‎repetive struc kury, poyolobded‏ روا روموت | ال پیت وی لا 59255 ‎Q Ouse wir keds ePPevis whick could couse severe boskess‏ ‎disruption‏ ‏له رسیم ‎eg. eonpr Pood‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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7 Wow ty tdewiPy Weds Wazerds OOdk troudk surveys ‏لا‎ bookie, screen, tokio, bsteck ‏جف‎ pour sewers! ORePer to Weds Wazed ‘wedbries OOse WRO Yelow ‏ی رطف‎ ‏مورا‎ ot Records Qhakkra/Paudt reports, kepeviowy, ‏رت اه و‎ hyudieu surveys, pperdicy procedures OOse expeverax Prow ebewlere 

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7 ‘WealPy WarnPul GPRects OMe ‏روم ونان الاو‎ roused by a hazard weed to be tected 

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۷ Types oF CPPRevis Dre, teed * Luc, shia or eye docvage Prow corrosive bquid O@rue, hie vse * Gick builder; syodrowe OOhrs, tterwttent / reo * Repetive Ctratc Tory OO be ver perwaaect ‏و ور‎ 

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‎witert, ey Weds Wazerd Iawedbries‏ عولض 6 لا ‎isons‏ هلمج حون لا ‎oad rePereure fercture‏ یرل لا ‎ADeiced cowpeten bodies ced fastives‏ ‎O@overnwecta bodes‏ ‎0008602 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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‎Wels Wozards und ther Warn‏ رادجل“ ‎GPPevts‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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ام وا ‎uc‏ متا الوا" رزامیل» ‎GPPevts‏ Onn RePrecemy bricks Carpe of roves woe hove 640(0) (Phot het pry cook were ‏سل‎ Dorkpkee desig (hoe 0 prt oP boxy 

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02 ‏لا بو‎ Rute Lazard Rutay OrPraticc Orwequeae Ourwpry (kaw ty perp) kk hou ePPevts: Dot Pocky work perPoromee or masteg docbiiy, 2. 0 ‏(لمصيي! حفجه من حه) طصك صا دج‎ Dray kerk oPPove: Oyrus urbe oP orur ‏نوات ماه بل‎ ow 6 reversble, 2.x. irrtc cad dePutey aqeus, ‏نو موم لت( نویه‎ ] keds ePPRevis: Cyeut capable oP reversble hei dawane wihou bos oP Pe, 9.x). ter, poor wand kaadiay the, hoodia vbraioa, ‏اه‎ ‎casey spi oho, stirs dip 9 Pachter or Perumed Tord Odbliy: Byeuis capcbk oP rreversbe ‏ما سا ,وه برد ط و طسو بات وود‎ porkener (swdl expored popuaios), hed, cok, ‏وه لصوم‎ ‎chews:‏ ریت رتیت( ‎to vawe wnlipl‏ تام با لت ی( تست( بط( ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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@ Wazed Ruts Covetder Ware tv: OP evpte Assets ORepuration ‎ik the highest pee‏ ری ما م6 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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02 Crotod @xercer - Osstmicn Wazad Ruta Al Ossie hazard ratces to the seleciiva oP ‏لد‎ ‏سل سوم‎ QO @srss tapped Porc 

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Qtck Ossesswedt Dutrtx OD ke Risk Ossesswect Datrbc (RO) is the tool whick hows assess weet oP the risk to the bustcess Proow cack 4 wl csstet pow to priortiziog poteutal hedlks risks cod ‎rishs ue ussessed property by tabicy‏ تا ما میج )لا تاه ‎foto acco acute cod chroooic hare heal‏ ‎vous ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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02 ‏اس‎ Risk = Conequewes X Probably (Vikelkood) 

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Qtck Ossesswedt Dutrtx ‎Probability 7‏ سوب 3 9 9 ‏میت | هتم سم | ‎tothe‏ | سسا ‎Chel!‏ | مت ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‏ا الت ‎ek Manage for continuous I‏ — اه ‏الع 3 سا ‎2 ‏د‎ Incorporate risk reduction Oar ‘Growin ‎eal fer — ‎‘alo a eer Intolerable - investigate Fale ‏امم‎ alternatives ] ‏اه ام مسق 0ج ‎"Note: Environment consequence column omitted‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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Likelih_| RAM Risk ood-L | Rating (C xb 5B - Medium 4B - Medium 36 - Medium 5C- High Consequen Category (harm to people) - C cat Carcinogen: 45 1 carcinogen: 45 ۳ carcinogen: 415 Sensitiser: 3 Chemical asphyxiant: 5 Geveric ROO WRO vucowes Harmful health effects from over ‘exposure (Consequences) ‘Acute: Mildly Irritating to feyes and respiratory tract Chronic: Category 1 ‘carcinogen ‘Acute; Irritant to eyes and respiratory tract; narcotic to CNS ‘Chronic: Category 1 carcinogen ‘Acute: cold burns to skin and eyes. Shortness of breath, dizziness and drowsiness on inhalation, May cause pulmonary ‘oedema Chronic: Catogory 2 ‘sersindiyetanttoriéayend eves ‘Chronic: skin sensitiser ‘Acute: Chemical asphyxiant ‘causing respiratory paralysis. Chronic: na Health Hazard | Examples of situations or activities in which the health hazard may occur Chemical Hazards Asbestos Materials containing asbestos, for example, gaskets, ceiling tiles, partitians, insulation Benzene Processing, handling and distribution of benzene containing process streams and products, 2. raphthas, platformate, condensate, gasoline Ethylene oxide Shell chemicals marketed product and process material Epoxy Resins Contained in some adhesives (maintenance) Hydrogen sulphide | Waste gas stream: sour crude oil condensates; bitumen and fuel oil tankc head spaces 

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000 تن رون صن( لا ‎Quite standard procedures cod poupeieares ta‏ Ose Oxpoews Livts ‏اموجن وان ليب‎ standards ar wet 

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© Deda ond Wik ROO Raters QO Detaled review oP controls OGisackeds of coured ‏وال‎ te exceed cord aches ‏موه یحو مه بیج لا‎ ‎wet ond‏ 66 )سل اوه مه موه و0 لا ‎robs Os Low Or Rewoubh Prato - PLORP?)‏ ‎calf beats‏ مات جروت و بط له سین لا عدم رسد ‎O Cor risks wssessed us Wick ‎Oque servis cousteruisn ‏مهت كن وريس جرش نحط نا‎ oul ie 7 ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۷ Cortrol wad Qevovery Oded) exposure ای ‎oP‏ رورا لا OO catrot stocrcdards Ose oP coutrol chat Por tadividud risk Opp ®LORE pricvipte ‏یر[‎ ۲721۷۲۵ ‏موی جرا لا‎ ROO Only OF 

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۷ Oket ts exposure? Expose ts dePiced ws! The acu of the kozard to whick « perso kes beeo exposed(dosr). This & 0 powbicaiod oP te wagquituce, ‏یل له همه(‎ oP exposure 

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OQQOunica 0 9 ‏طلى نميه 00لا‎ (exteat oP exposure) te oPPevted by: OCperruruvaltcteusiy oP te aprct ST 8 rote یمه رم مه 

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Musculo -skeletal ‘Whole body 

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‎routes‏ سوم لب ط ویر ‎ ‎ ‎Cxposure route ‎ro ‎htc (he ouck uptche oP the shia, or teva fajevion) ‎Ge ‎frawPerred Prow head to woul tages ‎wee, woul, age — tohotatio ‎trapped ta the wee ond tevd, or frousP erred Prow oad to woouk, beady to ‏مایم‎ ‎whole body or specPic ports 2g. bocrds, Epes ‎wustobsheltd systew ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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Eye Nose Mouth Heart ‘usculo-skeletal system igestive tract idneys Central Mervous syst Ear Lung Liver Skin Reproductive system ROO Ole OO 

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۷ Wow to dediPy exposure O4dediPy who te exposed: QO wide workPorce tao aroups (lob Types) wit exerted stator expres Osta he exposure bevel: OddewtPy oad review tasks imelviey poteutdl exposure Ose ‏اوه و من عون‎ oP ‏رصن اون قاط‎ sess weds OF exposure, us weeded 

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۷ WediPy who t& exposed Oped lob Types ‏وا لا‎ Operators - ditded by opercicad gry O Qoad Packer Drivers - dutded by product your QO Qactecouse GtehP - ‏,لاه رین‎ vehicle ee. ‏مان لا‎ 2 - plant ‏سوه موجه‎ ‏رورا لا‎ Peckoirtoes - sub-divide us upproprive QO Odkotistruors - oPRice bosed wih cocked plot exposure O eld Gta - ‏هام‎ 

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:صاصم للحلا QO se workplace experewe OQ Review historicd records QO seuss wil stcPP evolved ta dota the fost: QO st work oulwak trou survey O4feckide tosks tovoled ta: ورن لو( مسبت 00[ ‎Poreseruble ewer puntes‏ لجت موه ان وال ‎ ‎@sivvde exposure level ‎ ‎ ‎ROD Ode PP ‎ ‎ 

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Gstwute exposure fevel O Okt te a ‘kesh’ ? و و ‎perce coe be festrusted to de‏ جاو موصت و لكايب شاه و ل یه ‎siije‏ QD phat pperainr could be osked to toke a process sireaw supe QO plot clecoer oould be asked to deal wit o spice 0 0 Piter could be used to toe o pusop put oP service QO © beboratoy techuted could be ushed to wadyse o suvple Por 

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‎Oxposure wy be uvephble wheu!‏ لا مد بلطم لا لمح ‎Lis supplers’‏ ول یت ‎OO ppereces are kr‏ ‎procedwes‏ ‎stile. or worst rose‏ ون جیوه وم لا ‎vowdlives todicde low exposure‏ ‏ی اس ‎th‏ ول ره ۰ لسن ‎OO proves‏ وصاصمم لوبي وم ‎ ‎ROD Ode PP ‎ ‎ 

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02 Gsitvde exposure levebwikou exposure 725 ‏7ج‎ a Gxposure wy be ucuveptble whea: ‏لا‎ here is ‏۳و مره‎ ۳ dhst deposits QO Ree or particles are visible ta teht bec O there oe brokeu, dePevive or poorly wortaced poor ون ام نت له و ‎ool opened‏ جز جور ‎ke‏ ‎pa qod provice‏ ‎Ure wade oP sooo! or excessive dur‏ هاپس لا ‎decid‏ ج موجن و ‎hind‏ السو ا لا ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱ vf pours See ee keuly hazards pot 

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۷ Vppes oF ‏سس‎ OElimination and substitution OEngineering (plant and equipment): OEquipment/processes designed to prevent or minimize release of the hazard OExamples: containment (enclosure), exhaust ventilation, remote venting/vapor recovery systems 

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تیلب لا O Safe systems of work / Permit to work system Q Record systems Q Staff Instruction, Information & training Q Supervision, Emergency arrangements O@ersvad Proevive Cqupwed (PPC): Q Respiratory & Skin Protection as a ‏کر‎ line of defence or as the onl 

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7 CPPeciveuss of Ovo The types of control vary in their effectiveness according to the control hierarchy: Elimination Most Effective Substitution Engineering Procedural PPE Least Effective 

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Cowtrol selevica Control selection to achieve ALARP must consider the control effectiveness and cost: Oconsider the most effective controls first Olimit PPE to: -infrequent tasks -temporary use until more effective controls are in place ‏و‎ سب 4و2 

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7 Quttecause oP codices QOswob ae ody oPRevive P hey work 1 6 ‏اه بمنوصپه‎ OO revedive ‏او هه بو‎ ‏اون اما لا‎ Oecord systews, KPorwaica oad roti O@PRectiue superuser Qeee Deus woktecnee, ‏لت موه‎ OGwernpay wees Odespertiocs ued reubsir exercises ROO Oe OF Sal 

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2 اسموی QOccupational Exposure Limits (OELs) OSpecifications for control: OEngineering Control Standards (SES, DEP) OPprocedural (manufacturer’s/supplier’s info/industry good practice) OPersonal Protective Equipment National, Company, Group, Industry and Q International Standards ROO Ole OS 

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۷ Oket we exposure lets? OChemical agents SO peuratesd! Bxppsure Lisois are ‏وان وی وان ۲و ور‎ oP ‏مت کج لاسر احا مس‎ powkbrod edi ‏اسان‎ ‏جح وه تسه بو روط و تلم مب لب و رانا‎ 23 ‏وح سس وا ایا ای راب ی ی زاوج‎ ‏حت المح اوه من تسا سا وی سا‎ xed Ror? ‏يا هنا‎ 

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]0 (7 exposure iis OPhysical Agents, e.g. OShell ‘Noise Guide’ recommended criteria Daily Noise Dose - 85 dB(A) L,, Design Limit - 85 dB(A) at 1 meter Qcold stress Olonising radiation QHeat stress OLasers Vibrations 

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]0 (7 exposure iis OBiological agents Acontro} to as low as reasonably p e ractica OErgonomics Olnclude ergonomic principles to all work activities OPsychological Refer to specialist for evaluation and treatment ROO Ole OO 

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ع 20 ای مسمبه6 ۷ OFace velocities of Lab Hoods should meet recognized design standards ORotating equipment mechanical seals that do not leak OTransfer lines/hoses with disconnect fittings that do not lea Ocapture velocities for welding hoods meet recognized ventilation standards OEngineering controls are inspected regularly OEngineering controls are on a PM (preventive maintenance) schedule 

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7 Crocedurd standards hotties provedwes Por tosks tvolvieg exposure (perv t work systew) Oprosedures techie work procices frat «hikes exposure ‎vadersiord (e.y. trakckry & voldated by‏ و هو ول ‎festag) ord Pollpwed by exopbyees (superubirn, vdtdated by‏ (ودقلعه ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۷ @ersocd protevive equiped Adequate use of PPE includes an assessment of: * PPE requirement for each task * PPE selection to match the hazard * PPE is practical & functional for the task PPE requirements are understood by employees (e.g. training & validated by testing) PPE is used correctly (e.g. training & validated by audit)) PPE is used when required (validated by audit) PPE is inspected and maintained regularly (validated by audit) 

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02 ‏شم‎ Cxeroee Gelevtay Cocirot ‏سل‎ = ‏تمرم ,له و راو‎ bole) eed cers bee) O Ostag qwulible rePerewes, dediPy onterta Por cack hazard pelevied, ‏:بیس‎ 

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ی 42 QO Gack gow shoud que ‏<ه توس واه و‎ | they decided vo euck onieria ond whot exéco tcPor<vdicd they wiht require to do the tosk better. 

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© Ose oP Cocrol Chat Ire wwatrels ‏له امه سا موی‎ Ocul chart tol Por ‏جد وی‎ Ose ‏ووووبه بن ومس بوتلوز خإن‎ cod purple ‏موه لجه مش لته بوتاو لا‎ ۳ 

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ات بل لور DEFINITION (Consequence Category: Harm to People) Slight health effects: Not affecting work performance or causing disability, e.g. non toxic dusts (as an acute hazard) Minor health effects: Agents capable of minor health effects which are reversible, e.g. irritant agents, defatting agents, many food poisoning bacteria Major health effects: Agents capable of irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise, poor manual handling tasks, hand/arm vibration, chemicals causing systemic effects, sensitisers ‘One to three fatalities or Permanent Total Disability: Agents capable of irreversible damage with serious disability or death, e.g. corrosives, known human carcinogens (small exposed population), sensitisers, where the onset of sensitisation threatens continuing employment, heat, cold, psychological stress Multiple fatalities: Agents with the potential to cause multiple fatalities, e.g. chemicals with acute toxic effects (hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide), known human carcinogens (large exposed population) HAZARD RATING 

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OePratica Oxposures we vediibe Gxposure ae vowed wel bebw OBL and we ‏موه لاب وولو و مج ولو وا راما‎ Cxposures ore vurrediy vouroled bebw OCD ‏م‎ ‎weet stordards bu courot way be retadt oo feos rob weasures suck w persoud proevive ‏ال‎ Oxporure we wi equity vourvled to weet standards wad pukwellrecnady exceed OCL Oxposures we exveseive oad wil dope! perio ves to hed cou to perso exposed Exposure QRuttag Oxposure ‏لت‎ 

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>>OEL >OEL O.5*OEL - ۵۲ (O.1*OEL - 05*08 >0.1*081-)2( Exposure Band > 1. reference to exposure bands is a qualitative estimate only where no exposure data are available 2. OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit 

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۷ Cudude the Odequacy oP Ovdiros ‎the woture of the hazed to heals ?‏ دا( لا ‎Q Ose Wazad Rutery (ROD Ovrsequewe Ouewry)‏ ‎the onture ond deer oP exposure Por the toh ?‏ با لا ‎Cxposure Rutag‏ موی لا ‏0۳ ات0 وا اون لا ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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© Rewedd Critica Phra O Dke Qewedd Critica Pla wust cover: ‎Pour bul oP wots (Pest,‏ وج تور ولمم ل ‎seco, third prop ced op teoxediate urtiva required)‏ ‏موم ‎Respowsible‏ لا ‎the‏ 0 لا ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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02 ‏امه موه‎ ۵۲۵ )٩( Do oh priory seta O ction O* priory J ‏سود موی راد موه وا موق‎ ‏قط لا‎ di sources ‏مومطی1 لا‎ tewedis oor! Koproveweds By. PPE O) Oousider weed Por exposure weusurewedt ‏ل‎ (de ‏چم موس میج لب سس بسن سپس لب‎ ‏اجه بل ا‎ 

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(©) دان مم0 عومد © 02 باه رم لو ‎Do‏ رهم 0۵ ميدق لا ‎O Reduce exposure to bebw OCD (Lazard Rut )6(‏ ‎OF Opnekder reduckny 7 bebw 0.9 x OBL (Wazad Rut O-S)‏ ‎deci) ced koplewed work provice wd coool koproveweus (*)‏ ‎OF Opnetder ceed Por exposure weerurewed (*)‏ ‎O Review WRO, techy wewrureweds (*)‏ ‎prionty‏ "9 مس لا ‎O Colones wk wierish ueder O~! priory‏ ‎O @ctes — Ov ‘kewedkte Brios Required ‎Por feeds ontioa to toprove conics. Deep Por‏ لبجب ب ايه( ل ‎ous koprovewerdt‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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OcePraticas vb CBLORP “ bakraptoy fe reduction to risk uquiost the toe, dPPicaiy wed post oP ‏"لا هارمه‎ Wh level represeds the pota, obievively wsessed, of 

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© @LORE LORE ts teRluewed by the Polowtag Pastors: isk to be wotded ‎wold the risk‏ و0 عیسو بل ا رورم وص وی (عاطحم لجه ع5 ,تصدوب) ‎Dowpoisvn oF the tw ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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© @L@ORC- rue vP truco Obst he weusures thot hove bees toed to reduce the risk Ce pete ‏وله مه ول‎ option whisk coight be ‏و لس‎ reduce the risk Putter مودي ام جا ممت لدجم كلمن جد ‎Ge reser why‏ 

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Wierabitity level Oost ۴ Ovutrvt | | 4 Leqal Liability @LORP Ousiehil 

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Health Risk Assessment Controlling health risks at work HRA-2 Slide 1 HRA Workshop What is HRA ? Id e n t i fy h ea l t h h aza rd s an d t h e i r h a rm fu l effec t s (a cu t e/c h ro n i c) Re vi ew As sess t h e p o t en t i a l ri s k t o t h e Bu si n es s b y Pl o t t i n g e a ch h aza rd o n t h e RAM L o w Ri sk Ma n a g e fo r co n t i n u o u s i mp ro v em en t Me d i u m o r Hi g h Ri s k Are Co n t ro l a n d Re co ve ry m ea su res ad e q u a t e t o c o n t ro l h ea l t h ri s ks t o AL ARP? Ye s Do n ’t k n o w - o b t a i n fu rt h e r i n fo rm a t i o n No Do cu m e n t HRA-2 Slide 2 Deve l o p a n d Imp l em en t Rem ed i a l Ac t i o n Pl an HRA Workshop Identifying and Assessing Health Hazards Selection of team Identifying and assessing Health Hazards Identifying Control Standards Identifying nature and degree of Exposure Evaluating Risk to Health Deciding on Remedial Action HRA-2 Slide 3 HRA Workshop Selection of team The selection and expertise of the Health Risk Assessment Team will be dictated by: Size and complexity of the Assessment Unit or activity being assessed e.g. Platform, Gas Plant Nature and severity of of the hazards and risks involved Familiarity of the activities HRA-2 Slide 4 HRA Workshop Selection of team • Team Leader / Asset owner–Line manager such as OIM, plant manager or representative of facility being assessed • Team Member – Individuals such as operational staff, line supervisor familiar with plant operation and process • Local Advisor – Individuals such as medic/OH nurse, HSE advisor, who can advise on the HRA process and exposure controls • Specialist Staff – Occupational hygienist, OH physician, toxicologist, ergonomist HRA-2 Slide 5 HRA Workshop Selection of team To gather necessary information team members must be able to: • Observe the activity being performed • Predict any potential departure from observed practice • Ask supervisors, staff etc. the relevant questions • Undertake simple diagnostic tests • Identify and review relevant technical literature • Gather the information systematically • Form valid, justifiable conclusions about exposures and risks HRA-2 Slide 6 HRA Workshop Selection of team To gather necessary information team members must be able to: • Follow up fundamental questions about any exposures to occur. • Appreciate the range and limitations of possible control measures and their relative reliability • Look critically at existing arrangements • Specify the type of control measures needed • Ask for specialist assistance if required HRA-2 Slide 7 HRA Workshop Selection of Team The required level of skill and level of competency for the team: Team Leader Awareness - Working knowledge Team Member Working knowledge - Skilled Local Advisor Skilled Specialist HRA-2 Slide 8 Mastery HRA Workshop Competent Persons  ‘ .. a man who has the knowledge to know what he is looking for and the experience to recognise it when he sees it ...’  Competence is a function of:  Knowledge  Skill  Experience HRA-2 Slide 9 HRA Workshop Gathering Information  How to select Assessment Units  Identify Health Hazards  Identify harmful effects  Assign Hazard Rating (RAM Consequence) HRA-2 Slide 10 HRA Workshop How to select Assessment Units The assessment unit is what is within the boundaries of the HRA Assessment units should be self-contained, either physically or as a process It should cover all aspects of the working environment The nature and the severity of the hazards and risks involved, the familiarity of the task, available resources and countryspecific requirements should be taken into account HRA-2 Slide 11 HRA Workshop Organisation and Preparation Do not forget to: Set a realistic time frame to actually carry out an HRA Conduct an HRA according to a mutually agreed program Use standardized HRA formats Provide sufficient time for report writing, sharing comments and feedback Keep ownership of HRA with the Business Unit HRA-2 Slide 12 HRA Workshop Organisation and Preparation Collect pre reading material and references such as:  Plans and drawings for plant specifications  Incident / injury reports (incl. occupational illnesses) and incident investigations  Plant and equipment fault reports  Maintenance records for control measures  Records of health surveillance and sickness absence  Occupational hygiene surveys, health and safety surveys  Minutes of health and safety committee meetings HRA-2 Slide 13 HRA Workshop Additional sources of information Collect pre reading material and references such as: Relevant Shell HSE publications Business Health Hazard Inventories Company standards National legal standards Local health regulations (Inter)national guidelines and standards (WHO, ISO) Industry standards, manufacturers/suppliers data HRA-2 Slide 14 HRA Workshop What are Health Hazards A Health Hazard has the potential to cause harm to health Health hazards may be divided into the following groups:  chemical  biological  physical  ergonomic  psychological HRA-2 Slide 15 HRA Workshop Health hazards of primary concern  Cause fatalities in the short or long term  e.g. infectious diseases (short term), carcinogenic substances (long term)  Expose the company to substantial future social and monetary liabilities  e.g. noise induced hearing loss, repetitive strain injury, psychological stress  Cause minor health effects which could cause severe business disruption  e.g. major food poisoning outbreak HRA-2 Slide 16 HRA Workshop How to identify Health Hazards Walk through surveys  Looking, smelling, talking, listening; use your senses! Refer to Health Hazard Inventories Use HRA Yellow Guide, appendix 2 Look at Records incident/fault reports, inspections, maintenance, sickness absence, hygiene surveys, operating procedures Use experience from elsewhere HRA-2 Slide 17 HRA Workshop Practical Exercise Identify Health Hazards Chemical HRA-2 Slide 18 Physical Biological Ergonomic Psychological HRA Workshop Identify Harmful Effects The harmful effects potentially caused by a hazard need to be identified Examples of harmful effects: Death Acute or chronic illnesses Disability Reduced job performance Reduced health Concern HRA-2 Slide 19 HRA Workshop Types of Effects Acute, immediate • Lung, skin or eye damage from corrosive liquid Acute, late onset • Sick building syndrome Chronic, intermittent / on-off • Repetitive Strain Injury Chronic permanent • Lung cancer HRA-2 Slide 20 HRA Workshop Identification of Effects Datasheets, labels, manuals Guidance material, e.g Health Hazard Inventories Occupational health advisors Journals and reference literature National competent bodies and institutes Governmental bodies NGOs HRA-2 Slide 21 HRA Workshop Identify Health Hazards and their Harmful Effects Hazard HRA-2 Slide 22 Source Route Harmful Effect HRA Workshop Identify Health Hazards and their harmful Effects Agent Source Route Harmful Effect Silica dust (crystalline) Refractory bricks Inhalation Lung disease (silicosis) Used mineral oils Engine oil Skin Dermatitis, cancer Noise Process noise above 85dB(A) Hearing Hearing Loss Heat Plant heat Whole body Heat stress, heat stroke Legionella bacteria Spray cooling towers Inhalation Legionnaire’s Disease Repetitive movements Workplace design Whole or part of body Musculo-skeletal disorders HRA-2 Slide 23 HRA Workshop Factors influencing the Relationship between Hazard and Risk Cumulative exposure Individual susceptibility Threshold levels Knowledge gaps Workstyle changes Real world practices HRA-2 Slide 24 HRA Workshop Assigning Hazard Ratings Hazard Rating HRA-2 Slide 25 Definition Consequence Category (harm to people) 1 Slight health effects: Not affecting work performance or causing disability, e.g. non toxic dusts (as an acute hazard) 2 Minor health effects: Agents capable of minor health effects which are reversible, e.g. irritant and defatting agents, many food poisoning bacteria 3 Major health effects: Agents capable of irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise, poor manual handling tasks, hand/arm vibration, chemicals causing systemic effects, sensitisers 4 1 to 3 fatalities or Permanent Total Disability: Agents capable of irreversible damage with serious disability or death, e.g. corrosives, known human carcinogens (small exposed population), heat, cold, psychological stress 5 Multiple fatalities: Agents with the potential to cause multiple fatalities, e.g. chemicals with acute toxic effects (hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide), known human carcinogens (large exposed population) HRA Workshop Hazard Ratings Consider Harm to: People Assets Reputation Select the category with the highest consequence rating! HRA-2 Slide 26 HRA Workshop Practical Exercise - Assigning Hazard Ratings  Assign hazard ratings to the selection of health hazards identified  Discuss in open forum HRA-2 Slide 27 HRA Workshop Risk Assessment Matrix The Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) is the tool which allows assessment of the risk to the business from each identified health hazard It will assist you in prioritizing potential health risks and determine which risks need documented demonstration of controls Ensure that health risks are assessed properly by taking into account acute and chronic harmful health effects HRA-2 Slide 28 HRA Workshop Health Risk = Consequences X Probability (Likelihood) 1 Slight Injury/Illness 2 Minor Injury/Illness 3 Major Injury 4 1-3 fatatlities 5 Multiple Fatalities Increasing Probability C D A B Never heard of in the world Heard of incident in our industry Incident has occurred in Shell company Happens several times per year in Shell company E Happens several times per year in our location Likelihood Acute - Estimated on the basis of experience and or evidence that a certain outcome has previously occurred Categories LOW MEDIUM HIGH Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Consequence Chronic - Estimated based on the historical evidence that excess exposure has occurred Estimate of what could happen (acute and chronic) HRA-2 Slide 29 HRA Workshop Risk Assessment Matrix In creasi n g Pro b ab i l i t y  CONSEQUENCE  HAZARD RATING Peo p l e Ass et s Re p u t a t ion 1 Sligh t h e al t h e ffe ct Slig ht d amag e Sl ight imp act 2 Mi no r h e al t h e ffe ct Mi no r d amag e Limit e d imp act 3 Ma j o r h eal t h e ffect Loca lise d d amag e Co nsid e ra b le imp a ct 4 PTD* o r 1 t o 3fa t a lit ie s Ma j o r d amag e Ma j or na t ion al 5 Mu lt iple fat a l it ie s Ext e nsive d amag e Ma j or int ’nat io na l * PTD = Pe rma n en t To t al Di sab i l i t y A B C D E Never h ea rd o f in t h e worl d He ard of i ncid e nt in our Indu st ry Inci den t has o ccurre d in She ll co mp a ny Ha p pe ns se vera l t ime s p er ye ar in Sh e ll co mpa ny Ha pp e ns severa l t ime s p e r yea r in ou r loca t io n. L OW RISK Manage Managefor forcontinuous continuous improvement improvement Incorporate risk reduction Incorporate risk reduction measures measures MED. RISK HIGH RISK Intolerable – investigate Intolerable – investigate alternatives alternatives Note: Environment consequence column omitted HRA-2 Slide 30 HRA Workshop Generic RAM HRA outcomes Health Hazard Examples of situations or activities in which the health hazard may occur Harmful health effects from over exposure (Consequences) Consequen ce Category (harm to people) - C Likelih ood - L RAM Risk Rating (C x L) C 5C - High Cat 1 Carcinogen: 4/5 B 5B - Medium Cat 2 Carcinogen: 4/5 B 4B - Medium Sensitiser: 3 C 3C - Medium Chemical asphyxiant: 5 C 5C - High Chemical Hazards Asbestos Benzene Ethylene oxide Epoxy Resins Hydrogen sulphide HRA-2 Slide 31 Materials containing asbestos, for example, gaskets, ceiling tiles, partitians, insulation Acute: Mildly Irritating to eyes and respiratory tract Chronic: Category 1 carcinogen Processing, handling and distribution of benzene containing process streams and products, e.g. naphthas, platformate, condensate, gasoline. Acute: Irritant to eyes and respiratory tract; narcotic to CNS. Chronic: Category 1 carcinogen Shell chemicals marketed product and process material Acute: cold burns to skin and eyes. Shortness of breath, dizziness and drowsiness on inhalation. May cause pulmonary oedema. Chronic: Category 2 carcinogen Acute: Irritant andtomutagen skin and eyes Chronic: skin sensitiser Contained in some adhesives (maintenance) Waste gas stream; sour crude oil; condensates; bitumen and fuel oil tank head spaces Acute: Chemical asphyxiant causing respiratory paralysis. Chronic: n/a Cat 1 Carcinogen: 4/5 HRA Workshop Low RAM Ratings  Manage for continuous improvement via standard procedures and competences in HSE-MS (ensure these are adequate) ensure Exposure Limits and other control standards are met HRA-2 Slide 32 HRA Workshop Medium and High RAM Ratings  Detailed review of controls Standards of control Who is exposed and when Estimate or measure exposure Compare existing controls against standards (are OELs met and risks As Low As Reasonably Practicable - ALARP?) Consider need for routine exposure monitoring and/or health surveillance  For risks assessed as High give serious consideration to alternative ways of carrying out the operation HRA-2 Slide 33 HRA Workshop Control and Recovery Identify exposure Hierarchy of controls Control standards Use of control chart for individual risk Apply ALARP principle Exposure measurements Health Surveillance HRA-2 Slide 34 HRA Workshop What is exposure? Exposure is defined as: The amount of the hazard to which a person has been exposed(dose). This is a combination of the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure HRA-2 Slide 35 HRA Workshop Exposure Duration Frequency Magnitude (extent of exposure) is affected by: Concentration/intensity of the agent Work practices Agent’s physical characteristic impacting on the exposure route Existing controls HRA-2 Slide 36 HRA Workshop Exposure routes Ear Eye Nose Mouth Lung Musculo -skeletal Skin HRA-2 Slide 37 Whole body HRA Workshop Hazards and Exposure routes Hazard Exposure route Noise Chemical Liquids ear skin (through uptake of the skin, or through injection) Eye transferred from hand to mouth ingestion Chemical gases, vapours and dusts nose, mouth, lungs – inhalation Chemical dusts trapped in the nose and throat, or transferred from hand to mouth, leading to ingestion Vibrations whole body or specific parts e.g. hands, eyes Heavy lifting & other ergonomic hazards muscoloskeletal system HRA-2 Slide 38 HRA Workshop Target Organs Central nervous system Ear Lung Liver Skin Reproductive system HRA-2 Slide 39 Eye Nose Mouth Heart Musculo-skeletal system Digestive tract Kidneys HRA Workshop Hazard, exposure route and target organ Hazard Exposure route Target organ Noise Ear Ear Chemical liquids and dusts (hazard dependent on the specific chemical) Inhalation, skin, eye Direct contact with lungs, skin and eyes. May also be absorbed in blood stream and carried to susceptible organs: central nervous system, reproductive system, kidney, liver Stress Mind Heart, mental impairment HRA-2 Slide 40 HRA Workshop Factors Affecting Intake for chemical and biological agents Physical form  Gas/vapour/liquid/solid  Particle size  Particle shape  Solubility  Carriers  Breathing rate HRA-2 Slide 41 HRA Workshop How to identify exposure  Identify who is exposed:  Divide workforce into groups (Job Types) with expected similar exposures  Estimate the exposure level:  Identify and review tasks involving potential exposure  Base estimate on a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessments of exposure, as needed  Establish the effectiveness of existing controls HRA-2 Slide 42 HRA Workshop Identify who is exposed Typical Job Types  Plant Operators - divided by operational group  Road Tanker Drivers - divided by product group  Maintenance Staff - mechanical, electrical, vehicle etc.  Cleaning Staff - plant and/or office  Laboratory Technicians - sub-divide as appropriate  Administrators - office based with minimal plant exposure  Field Staff - geologists HRA-2 Slide 43 HRA Workshop Estimate exposure level  Identify tasks:  Use workplace experience  Review historical records  Discuss with staff involved in doing the task  Visit work area/walk through survey  Include tasks involved in:  Normal operations  Maintenance  Abnormal conditions and foreseeable emergencies HRA-2 Slide 44 HRA Workshop Estimate exposure level What is a ‘task’ ?  An activity which a competent person can be instructed to do in a single sentence A plant operator could be asked to take a process stream sample A plant cleaner could be asked to deal with a spillage  A fitter could be asked to take a pump out of service  A laboratory technician could be asked to analyse a sample for benzene content HRA-2 Slide 45 HRA Workshop Estimate exposure level Review tasks Frequency, duration and estimates of concentration/intensity of exposure  Work practices and existing controls Effectiveness of existing control measures Compare existing controls against relevant control standards Who else is exposed? Employees, contractors, third parties HRA-2 Slide 46 HRA Workshop Estimate exposure level-without exposure measurement  Exposure may be acceptable when:  evidently so  operations are in accordance with suppliers’ documented procedures  previous measurements under similar or worst case conditions indicate low exposure  process operated in accordance with recognised guidance on good practice HRA-2 Slide 47 HRA Workshop Estimate exposure level-without exposure measurement  Exposure may be unacceptable when:  there is evidence of fine dust deposits  fume or particles are visible in light beams  there are broken, defective or poorly maintained controls  the process is not operated in accordance with recognised guidance on good practice  complaints are made of discomfort or excessive odour  ill-health related to exposure is detected HRA-2 Slide 48 HRA Workshop Hierarchy of controls The hierarchy of controls is a list in preferential order of the means by which exposure to health hazards can be controlled Elimination Substitution (alternatives) Engineering (plant and equipment) Procedural Personal protective equipment HRA-2 Slide 49 HRA Workshop Types of controls Elimination and substitution Engineering (plant and equipment): Equipment/processes designed to prevent or minimize release of the hazard Examples: containment (enclosure), exhaust ventilation, remote venting/vapor recovery systems HRA-2 Slide 50 HRA Workshop Types of controls Procedural:  Safe systems of work / Permit to work system  Record systems  Staff Instruction, Information & training  Supervision, Emergency arrangements Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):  Respiratory & Skin Protection as a secondary line of defence or as the only HRA-2 Slide 51 option HRA Workshop Effectiveness of Controls The types of control vary in their effectiveness according to the control hierarchy: Elimination Most Effective Substitution Engineering Procedural PPE HRA-2 Slide 52 Least Effective HRA Workshop Control selection Control selection to achieve ALARP must consider the control effectiveness and cost: consider the most effective controls first limit PPE to: -infrequent tasks HRA-2 Slide 53 -temporary use until more effective controls are in place HRA Workshop Maintenance of controls Controls are only effective if they work Engineering controls Preventive maintenance, inspections and tests Procedural controls Record systems, information and training Effective supervision PPE Routine maintenance, inspection and training Emergency measures Inspections and realistic exercises HRA-2 Slide 54 HRA Workshop Control standards Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) Specifications for control: Engineering Control Standards (SES, DEP) Procedural (manufacturer’s/supplier’s info/industry good practice) Personal Protective Equipment  National, Company, Group, Industry and International Standards HRA-2 Slide 55 HRA Workshop What are exposure limits? Chemical agents  Occupational Exposure Limits are levels of airborne concentrations of hazardous compounds that are considered safe for the workplace  OEL’s and recommendations are set by competent national authorities  OEL’s are normally used for chemical agents, but the concept can also be applied for physical, biological and psychosocial agents and for ergonomics HRA-2 Slide 56 HRA Workshop Occupational exposure limits Physical Agents, e.g. Shell ‘Noise Guide’ recommended criteria Daily Noise Dose - 85 dB(A) Leq Design Limit - 85 dB(A) at 1 meter Cold stress Ionising radiation Heat stress Lasers Vibrations HRA-2 Slide 57 HRA Workshop Occupational exposure limits Biological agents Control to as low as reasonably practicable Ergonomics Include ergonomic principles to all work activities Psychological Refer to specialist for evaluation and treatment HRA-2 Slide 58 HRA Workshop Engineering control standards Face velocities of Lab Hoods should meet recognized design standards Rotating equipment mechanical seals that do not leak Transfer lines/hoses with disconnect fittings that do not leak Capture velocities for welding hoods meet recognized ventilation standards Engineering controls are inspected regularly Engineering controls are on a PM (preventive maintenance) schedule HRA-2 Slide 59 HRA Workshop Procedural standards written procedures for tasks involving exposure (permit to work system) procedures include work practices that minimize exposure work practices are understood (e.g. training & validated by testing) and followed by employees (supervision, validated by auditing) HRA-2 Slide 60 HRA Workshop Personal Protective Equipment  respirators  gauntlets (gloves)  goggles  protective clothing  foot protection HRA-2 Slide 61 HRA Workshop Personal protective equipment Adequate use of PPE includes an assessment of: • PPE requirement for each task • PPE selection to match the hazard • PPE is practical & functional for the task • PPE requirements are understood by employees (e.g. training & validated by testing) • PPE is used correctly (e.g. training & validated by audit)) • PPE is used when required (validated by audit) • PPE is inspected and maintained regularly (validated by audit) HRA-2 Slide 62 HRA Workshop Practical Exercise Selecting Control Standards  Select a chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazard  Using available references, identify criteria for each hazard selected, including:  Exposure Limit  Engineering Control  Procedural control  Personal Protective equipment  Recovery (preparedness) measures HRA-2 Slide 63 HRA Workshop Practical Exercise Feedback on Control Standards  Each group should give a short description of how they decided on each criteria and what extra information they might require to do the task better. HRA-2 Slide 64 HRA Workshop Use of Control Chart Are controls meeting the control standards? Control chart: tool for decisions Use of information on exposures and controls Combining ‘hazard rating’ and ‘exposure rating’ HRA-2 Slide 65 HRA Workshop Hazard rating categories HAZARD RATING HRA-2 Slide 66 DEFINITION (Consequence Category: Harm to People) 1 Slight health effects: Not affecting work performance or causing disability, e.g. non toxic dusts (as an acute hazard) 2 Minor health effects: Agents capable of minor health effects which are reversible, e.g. irritant agents, defatting agents, many food poisoning bacteria 3 Major health effects: Agents capable of irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise, poor manual handling tasks, hand/arm vibration, chemicals causing systemic effects, sensitisers 4 One to three fatalities or Permanent Total Disability: Agents capable of irreversible damage with serious disability or death, e.g. corrosives, known human carcinogens (small exposed population), sensitisers where the onset of sensitisation threatens continuing employment, heat, cold, psychological stress 5 Multiple fatalities: Agents with the potential to cause multiple fatalities, e.g. chemicals with acute toxic effects (hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide), known human carcinogens (large exposed population) HRA Workshop Exposure Rating Exposure Rating Exposure Band a) Very Low < 0.1 x OEL Exposures are negligible b) Low Exposure are controlled well below OEL and are > 0.1 <0.5 x OEL likely to remain so in accordance with standards c) Medium > 0.5 – 1 x OEL d) High > OEL e) Very High >> OEL HRA-2 Slide 67 Definition Exposures are currently controlled below OEL to meet standards but control may be reliant on less robust measures such as personal protective equipment Exposure are not adequately controlled to meet standards and continuously/regularly exceed OEL Exposures are excessive and will almost certainly result in health damage to persons exposed HRA Workshop Control Chart Exposure Rating  Hazard Rating  1 Very Low (a) No 2 action Low (b) immediate Medium (c) Third required priority High (d) Second 3 First Priority 4 for 5 Exposure Band (1)  Very High (e) Priority Action <0.1*OEL (2) 0.1*OEL 0.5*OEL 0.5*OEL - 1*OEL >OEL >>OEL 1. reference to exposure bands is a qualitative estimate only where no exposure data are available 2. OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit HRA-2 Slide 68 HRA Workshop Evaluate the Adequacy of Controls  What is the nature of the hazard to health ?  Use Hazard Rating (RAM Consequence Category)  What is the nature and degree of exposure for the task ?  Assign Exposure Rating  Combine in Control Chart HRA-2 Slide 69 HRA Workshop Remedial Action Plan  The Remedial Action Plan must cover:  Recommendations divided into four levels of action (first, second, third priority and no immediate action required)  Is recommendation agreed or not?  Responsible person  Due date HRA-2 Slide 70 HRA Workshop Actions Control Chart (1) To aid priority setting  Action 1st priority  Stop the exposure; notify management immediately  Identify all sources  Implement immediate control improvements e.g. PPE  Consider need for exposure measurement  Identify and implement work practice and control improvements  Review HRA, including measurements HRA-2 Slide 71 HRA Workshop Actions Control Chart (2) To aid priority setting  Action 2nd priority  Reduce exposure to below OEL (Hazard Ratings 1-2)  Consider reducing to below 0.5 x OEL (Hazard Ratings 3-5)  Identify and implement work practice and control improvements (*)  Consider need for exposure measurement (*)  Review HRA, including measurements (*)  Action 3rd priority  Actions with asterisk under 2nd priority  Action – No Immediate Action Required  Normally no need for immediate action to improve controls. Manage for continuous improvement HRA-2 Slide 72 HRA Workshop ALARP Definition Definitions of ALARP “ balancing the reduction in risk against the time, difficulty and cost of achieving it” This level represents the point, objectively assessed, at which the time, difficulty and cost of further reduction measures become unreasonably disproportional to the additional risk reduction obtained. HRA-2 Slide 73 HRA Workshop ALARP ALARP is influenced by the following factors: risk to be avoided sacrifice involved in taking measures to avoid the risk (money, time and trouble) comparison of the two HRA-2 Slide 74 HRA Workshop ALARP- rule of thumb List the measures that have been taken to reduce the risk Go on to identify an additional option which might be introduced to reduce the risk further Give reasons why this additional control is not adopted HRA-2 Slide 75 HRA Workshop ALARP • To l e ra b i l i t y l e v e l Ri s k t o He a l t h • • • Leg al Liab ilit y HRA-2 Slide 76 • • Co s t o f Co n t ro l AL ARP W a s t e fu l HRA Workshop ALARP  A team of specialist working together to identify all possible controls measure through the hierarchy (tiered challenge)  Encouragement of good practice within the system  Adhering to the codes and standard of practice with reference to past experience  Application of engineering judgement and scientific principles  Consultation with stakeholders  Application of HAZID and HAZOP to assist in ALARP selection.  Application of Cost benefit analysis .. HRA-2 Slide 77 HRA Workshop What remedial action?  Is risk to health ALARP?  Yes, when only a small reduction in risk would require an unreasonable amount of time, trouble, difficulty or cost.  Otherwise  Select appropriate additional controls/barriers considering Hierarchy of controls including recovery preparedness measures Other measures like: measurements, monitoring, health surveillance, maintenance of controls, instruction & training Priorities for implementation HRA-2 Slide 78 HRA Workshop Exposure measurements Identify who may be exposed to health risks Identify the relevant exposures to individuals in the workplace Assess your work environment to determine when you need to do exposure monitoring/measurements HRA-2 Slide 79 HRA Workshop Types of exposure Chemical Physical Biological Ergonomic HRA-2 Slide 80 HRA Workshop Purpose of exposure measurements  Verification of the efficiency of control measures  Justification for additional control measures  Choice of control measures (eg for noise control)  To establish and document historical records of exposure levels for all workers  To ensure and demonstrate compliance with regulatory and other exposure guidelines  Epidemiological studies or investigating reported health effects  To alleviate employee concerns HRA-2 Slide 81 HRA Workshop Objectives of exposure measurement Baseline - to define range and distribution of exposure for defined jobs Worst case – to identify potentially high exposure Detailed – when baseline study provides insufficient data Routine – periodic exposure monitoring to check that control measures remain effective Compliance - to ensure that exposure is below regulatory and other guidelines HRA-2 Slide 82 HRA Workshop Monitoring methods Personal Monitoring worker exposure with normal work procedure breathing zone for inhalation exposure near ear for noise exposure full shifts / task samples Area (Environmental) Monitoring contaminant concentration in work area plant conditions effectiveness of controls HRA-2 Slide 83 HRA Workshop Monitoring methods Biological Monitoring Determine body absorption of potentially hazardous substance from all sources Measure changes in the composition of body fluid, tissue or expired air May be used to indicated inadequate control, improper work procedure Provides accurate information about the absorbed dose of a substance in the body Not all substances have a method or a BLV (biological Limit Value) HRA-2 Slide 84 HRA Workshop Sampling Strategy Where to Sample When to Sample Whom to Sample How long to Sample How many samples to take HRA-2 Slide 85 HRA Workshop Equipment for measuring chemical exposure Factors to consider sampling objective physical and chemical characteristics of chemical presence of other chemical(s) required accuracy type of samples (personal vs area) duration of samples HRA-2 Slide 86 HRA Workshop Sampling and analytical methods Appropriate validated methods should be used Acceptable methods are published by US NIOSH, OSHA, UK - HSE. Exposure records must be complete, traceable and stand up to legal scrutiny HRA-2 Slide 87 HRA Workshop Sampling train for dusts/fumes HRA-2 Slide 88 HRA Workshop Sampling train for hydrocarbons HRA-2 Slide 89 HRA Workshop Personal dosimeters (CO, H2S, SO2) HRA-2 Slide 90 HRA Workshop Detector tube for Grab Samples HRA-2 Slide 91 HRA Workshop Health Surveillance Monitoring and health surveillance aims to (periodically) assess exposures and health in order to  Confirm the effectiveness of existing control measures  Collect data for the detection and evaluation of hazards to health  Confirm compliance with predetermined criteria  Required by law HRA-2 Slide 92 HRA Workshop Monitoring and Surveillance In order to perform monitoring and surveillance, the following tasks are necessary:  Define objectives  Identify suitable methods (sensitivity, specificity, ethical, non-invasive)  Identify norms/ means to interpret the data  Plan and evaluate the program  Collect data  Analyse and interpret data  Report actions  Communicate with various audiences of surveillance data users HRA-2 Slide 93 HRA Workshop Medical Surveillance Medical Surveillance selection criteria Is there a risk to health (based on HRA) The prevention/intervention potential ("can we do something about it?") Can we detect it? Are the detection methods suitable? HRA-2 Slide 94 HRA Workshop Review of Controls PLANNIN G Review risk and existing controls Identify & document specifications IMPLEMENTATIO N Communicate procedures to staff, visitors, 3rd party etc. Determine adequacy Train / retrain staff Assign responsibilitie s Ensure effective communication Provide necessary resources Provide regular maintenance HRA-2 Slide 95 REVIEW Review systems, procedures, processes etc Conduct regular emergency drills Review drills Conduct routine inspections/ audits Incident investigation learning HRA Workshop Document & Review HRA  Appropriate Depth of Records  Linked with Medical Records  Informing Staff  Archiving of Records  Reviewing Records HRA-2 Slide 96 HRA Workshop Appropriate Documentation  Records should:  be retrievable  Internal/external audits, authorities and review  meet legal requirements  be detailed enough to ensure audit trail on how conclusions were reached  allow traceability from individual name via Job Type to tasks  include exposure monitoring and health surveillance HRA-2 Slide 97 HRA Workshop Links with medical records  Exposure profiles: example of how to link staff to exposures Requires links between HRA and medical record Unique identifier needed per individual Capability to record changes in Job type per individual  Ensures that:  archiving takes place when plant shuts down HRA-2 Slide 98 HRA Workshop Informing Staff of Findings  Involves staff in HRA process  Ensures that:  Health risks are understood  Control measures are used  Staff can alert assessment teams on changes  May be a legal requirement HRA-2 Slide 99 HRA Workshop Archiving of Records  As required by local law and/or practice  30 - 40 years are typical  Allows for re-introduction of old processes HRA-2 Slide 100 HRA Workshop Reviewing HRAs Senior management will confirm the status of HRA through HSE annual letter Action Items  Short term reviews of action items  Against target dates and responsible persons  Change in process, hazard, legislation etc  Change in controls  New information on the effect  Incidents, illnesses, complaints, new knowledge  On an agreed cycle  Between 1 and 5 years dependent on risk HRA-2 Slide 101 HRA Workshop Assurance  Where health risks are high, consider an HSE audit devoted to the adequacy of HRA  Include:  Organisation of the system for implementation  Resources available  Quantity and quality  Areas of non-compliance with control standards  Remedial actions taken following an HRA  Maintenance of controls and recovery measures  Demonstration of ALARP  Maintenance of employee work history HRA-2 Slide 102 HRA Workshop