Herbal drugs/ Pharmaceuticals – Problems and Prognosis

Herbal drugs/ Pharmaceuticals – Problems and Prognosis

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: Herbal drugs/ Pharmaceuticals – Problems and Prognosis Dr. P. PushpangadanDirector, National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India

اسلاید 3: Herbal drugsGrowing popularity5 trillion $2020200562 billion $Business standard, 2005

اسلاید 4: Drugs Required for masses...ccessible ffordable ssured safetyA

اسلاید 5: Do they fulfill the requirements?

اسلاید 6: Accessible ?About 70% Indian population (60-70 crore) depends on alternative system of medicine.WHO

اسلاید 7: Affordable ?Herbal drugs are cheaper than generic drugs !!??

اسلاید 8: Assured safety ?Herbal drugs have been used in India for more than 4000 years.

اسلاید 9: Allopathy or Modern Medicine Glamorized disciplinePursued by most (influenced and so called ‘Literate’) in India and, in western countriesBacked by technological advances - investigationsBased on sound scientific reasoning – experimental evidence; not anecdotalThus, Modern Medicine is an evidence-based, techno-savvy science that seems to provide ultimate care to sick patients

اسلاید 10: Allopathy or Modern Medicine But????The treatment is often symptomatic, costly, out of reach of most in developing countriesExcept for infective pathologies, we do not have much to offer except palliationTreatment of Chronic Lifestyle Disorders like neurodegenerative disorders is often very disappointing and limited by adverse eventsIt treats the Disease (symptomatic) and not the patient ‘as a whole’ (Holistic approach)

اسلاید 11: Therapeutic ObjectiveThe ultimate goal of every physician is to “CURE” the disease.Has Allopathy achieved this goal for all ailments? No; Except for infective pathologies, we do not achieve CUREMost often the treatment is Symptomatic and Palliative.Effective & Safe Medicine

اسلاید 12: Drug Discovery – problemsIt is notoriously inefficientOne in a hundred thousand or more compounds will enter the market as a drugPharma majors have NO interest in higher plants extracts for screening for biological activityIn NAPRALERT ethnomedical reports for 14,300 species (5.2% of all plant species) are there;But 58% of these species have never been examined biologically or chemicallyOf these 74% are used in a manner which parallels their ethnomedical use

اسلاید 13: Traditional medicineModern scienceModern medicineGolden triangleThus making cheaper affordable and safe medicineMashelkar 2005

اسلاید 14: CompoundPlant SpeciesAcetyl digoxinDigitalis lanataAjmalicineCatharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp.AjmmalineRauvolfia serpentinaAndrographolideAndrographis paniculataArtemissineArtemisia annuaAsiaticosideCentella asiaticaBerberineBerberis spp.CaffeineCamellia sinensisCaffeineCamellia sinensisCocaineErythroxylum cocoaCodeinePapaver spp.CodienePapaver somniferumColchicineColchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superbaCurcuminCurcuma longaDigitoxin, Digoxin, DigitoxigeninDigitalis spp.EmetineCephaelis ipecacuanhaEphedrineEphedra gerardianaErgometrine, Ergotamine, ErgotoxinClaviceps purpurea on Rye plantsGlycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acidGlycyrrhiza glabraHesperidinCitrus spp. Mentha spp.Examples of some important plant derived drugs Contd..

اسلاید 15: HyoscineDuboisia spp.HyoscyamineDatura spp, Hyscyamus spp.L-DopaMucuna pruriensMentholMentha spp.MorphinePapaver spp.PapainCarica papayaPodophyliotoxinPodophyllum emodiQuinine, QuinidineCinchona spp.Reserpine & DeserpidineRauvolfia serpentina,RutinEucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonicaScopolaminDatura sp.Sennosides A&BCassia angustifolia, C. acutifoliaSilymarinSilybum marianumStrychnineStrychnos nux-vomicaTaxolTaxus baccataThymolThymus vulgarisVinblastine, VincristineCatharanthus roseusXanthotoxinAmmi majus, Heracleum candicansChemical Intermediates CitralLemon grassDiosgeninDioscorea spp. Costus spp.Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol)Soya & Calabar BeansSolasodineSolanumHypercin, HyperforinHypericum perforatumExamples of some important plant derived drugs (Contd..)

اسلاید 16: Traditional medicine Historical backgroundEarliest recorded use of a medicinal plant has been mentioned in ‘Rigveda’one mentioned in the modern texts is that of the herb called “Ma huang” a species of Ephedra used medicinally in China for over 5000 yearsCinchona was used by local south American tribes long before before the isolation of quinine for treating malariaSource of aspirin (Salix officinalis) was used as pain killer for long time before being identified

اسلاید 17: Traditional medicinesMiddle of 19th century, 80% of all medicines were herbalEven today 25% of drugs are derived from plant sourceMost of these drugs came from traditional lead, folk knowledge etc.Some of these still could not substituted despite the enormous advancement in synthetic chemistry eg. Reserpine, taxol, vincristine etc.

اسلاید 18: Revival of herbal medicinewidespread belief that ‘green’ medicine is healthier than synthetic productsleading to rapid spurt of demand for health products like herbal tea, ginseng and such products of traditional medicine So rapid – sale of herbal products are staggering 100 billion dollars a year.After India and China, even the western world has started working on herbalsNIH has set up CAM center and working on St. John’s wort and Gingko biloba

اسلاید 19: Drug development based on traditional leadsSurvey of traditional remediesChoice of plantIdentification,authenticationCollectionTraditional formulationClinicaltrialRelated speciesExtractionBiologicalscreeningEffective Analytical standard2. Safety3. Modernise Technology4. New Dosage FormsActiveBioassay Linked FractionationActive Compound(s) CharacterisationPure Compound, Standardised ExtractsClinical TrialsCommercialProductionMarketingPharmacologyToxicityClinical PharmacologyBio-availabilityRegistrationPharmacokinetics/PharmacodynamicsPilot Plant Production

اسلاید 20: Reverse pharmacologyWhat is required is “Scientific evidence”Answer lies in providing scientific validation for efficacy and safetyScreening based on ethnomedical and ethnobotanical lead as chances of hitting the target is more

اسلاید 21:

اسلاید 22: System biologyThe health triangle. The survival potential of all living systems, H, is expressed in the health triangle, structured with life’s common denominator: Intelligence, Energy and Organization.

اسلاید 23: SynergyMost of the effective phytomedicine in market are as whole extracts of plantsPractitioners believe that synergistic interactions between the components of individual or mixture of herbs are a vital part of therapeutic efficacyMechanism of action of many phytomedicine is still unknown and there are several instance where total extract shows better activity than an equalent dose of isolated compoundchemical and pharmacological evidence to demonstrate conclusively the concept of synergism

اسلاید 24: Multi-target approachCombinations of herbs are normal and are based on empirical observation and reasoning based on a particular patient these herbal combinations may not be targeted to a particular organ (multi-targeted), cell, tissue or any biochemical system, making this synergy even more difficult to identifypossibility of drug interactions and the adverse reactions arising out of these have to be checked before coming out with the drug

اسلاید 25: Plant APlant B Plant CPlant DPlant EPlant FPlant GPlant HPain, CartilageInflammation Oxidative stress Osteoporosis Anabolic CNS ImmunomodulatorAntistressBioavailabilityLubricantMultiple Targets Need A ComboActivity Matrix: Systems-Biology Approach

اسلاید 26: PharmacovigilanceAny thing herbal is safe!!?????Adverse drug reactions (ADR)Drug-drug interactionsHerb-Drug interactionsToxicity of the isolated ingredientsTraditional process (Shodhana)

اسلاید 27: Traditional Medicine: ThreatsPoor positioning on a global levelIgnored by the global scientific communityVery little scientific research validationsVery little publications in peer-reviewed science JournalsDeliberate negative propagandas

اسلاید 28: Traditional medicine: FutureInnovative, Effective and Aggressive use of Emerging Technologies without Compromising the Basic Principles will be the main key towards the bright future

اسلاید 29: Pharmacological studiesExtraction and fractionationActivity guided isolation of active copoundsTraditional ApproachSelection of potential plantsFormulation and Doasge studiesToxicity stuidesStandardization of the formulation(s)Clinical studiesIPRFinal ProductGlobal MarketDrug Discovery

اسلاید 30: Thank You