Learning and Behavior Modification
اسلاید 1: Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 2: Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Organizational Behavior: Learning and Behavior Modification
اسلاید 3: Definition of LearningA relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior tendency) that occurs as a result of a person’s interaction with the environment.Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. LearningInvolves changeIs relatively permanentIs acquired through experience
اسلاید 4: The Black BoxStimulusResponseGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 5: Theories of LearningLaw of effectEdward ThorndikeGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 6: John Watson (1878-1958) Founder of behaviorismPublished Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist in 1919Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning can explain much, if not all, behavior.Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 7: Theories of LearningGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Key ConceptsUnconditioned stimulusUnconditioned responseConditioned stimulusConditioned responseClassical ConditioningA type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
اسلاید 8: Theories of LearningGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 9: Theories of Learning (Operant Conditioning)Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 10: Theories of Learning (cont’d)Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Key ConceptsReflexive (unlearned) behaviorConditioned (learned) behaviorReinforcementOperant ConditioningA type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
اسلاید 11: Theories of Learning (cont’d)Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Key ConceptsAttentional processesRetention processesMotor reproduction processesReinforcement processesSocial-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observation and direct experience.
اسلاید 12: Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory12Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 13: The Bobo Doll StudyAlbert Bandura’s Bobo doll study in 1961 was a classic study that demonstrates the social learning theory. The study showed that after viewing adults strike and kick a Bobo doll, children would imitate the behavior in another environment. This was important, as it suggests that the violence could be imitated by viewers.Results showed 88% of the children imitated aggressive behavior following the viewing of the tape of adults acting aggressively toward the doll.8 months later 40% of the same children reproduced the violent behavior observed in the Bobo doll experiment.Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 14: Shaping Behavior: A Managerial ToolPositive reinforcement: Providing a reward for a desired behavior.Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs.Punishment: Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior.Extinction: Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 15: Schedules of ReinforcementGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Continuous Reinforcement: A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.Intermittent Reinforcement: A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.Fixed-Interval Schedule: Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.Variable-Interval Schedule: Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
اسلاید 16: Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. Fixed-ratio
اسلاید 17: Intermittent Schedules of ReinforcementGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 18: Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 19: A-B-Cs of Behavior ModificationGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. ConsequencesWhat happensAfter behaviorEmployeereceivesattendancebonusExampleBehaviorWhat personsays or doesEmployeeattendsscheduledworkAntecedentsWhat happensbefore behaviorAttendancebonus systemis announced
اسلاید 20: Job Behavior ModificationStep 1: Identify Target behaviorStep 2: Functionally Analyze the SituationStep 3: Arrange Antecedents and Provide ConsequencesStep 4: Evaluate ResultsGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 21: Learning through FeedbackAny information about consequences of our behaviorClarifies role perceptionsCorrective feedback improves abilityPositive feedback motivates future behaviorGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 22: Multi-Source (360 Degree) FeedbackGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. EvaluatedEmployeeCo-workerCustomerSubordinateProjectleaderSupervisorCo-workerSubordinateSubordinate
اسلاید 23: Giving Feedback EffectivelyGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran. EffectiveFeedbackSpecificFrequentTimelyRelevantCredible
اسلاید 24: Giving Constructive FeedbackBe descriptive. Dont use labels.Don’t exaggerate.Don’t be judgmental.Restrict your feedback to things you know for certain.Gholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
اسلاید 25: Other Key TermsSelf-ManagementLearning Through ExperienceGholipour A. 2011. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
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