Logic Programming Prolog 4
اسلاید 1: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates1Applications
اسلاید 2: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates2GamesRobot control Natural language processingExpert systemsImage processingParsing of context-free languagesCompiler writingVLSI Design Relational database applicationsOther AI applications
اسلاید 3: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates3http://ngits.massey.ac.nz
اسلاید 4: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates4Games Tic Tac Toe
اسلاید 5: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates5?- var(a).No?- nonvar(a).Yes?- var(X).X = _G179 Yes?- var(likes(X,Y)).No?- var(X)Succeeds if X is an unbound variable.nonvar(X)Succeeds if X is not an unbound variable.?- var([X,Y,Z]).No?- nonvar([X,Y,Z]).X = _G233Y = _G236Z = _G239 Yes?- nonvar(likes).Yes
اسلاید 6: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates6?- compound(a).No?- compound(likes(john,mary)).Yes?- compound(likes(X,Y)).X = _G263Y = _G264 Yes?- compound(likes(X,Y):-likes(Y,X)).X = _G335Y = _G336 Yes?- compound([1,2,3,4]).Yescompound(X)Succeeds if X is bound to a compound term. ?- compound(this is a string).Yes?- compound(this is a string).No?- compound(X).No?- X=parents(adam,john,mary),compound(X).X = parents(adam, john, mary) Yes?- compound(967).No?- compound(1.25).No?- compound(compound).No
اسلاید 7: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates7functor(Term, Functor, Arity) Succeeds if Term is a term with functor “Functor” and number of arguments “Arity”.?- functor(likes(mary,john),Fun,Arity).Fun = likesArity = 2 Yes?- X=likes(mary,john),functor(X,Func,Arity).X = likes(mary, john)Func = likesArity = 2 Yes?- functor(parents(adam,john,mary),F,N).F = parentsN = 3 Yes?- functor(X,likes,2).X = likes(_G303, _G304) Yes
اسلاید 8: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates8arg(N,Term,Value) When “Term” is bound to a term and N to an integer between 1 and the number of arguments of Term, Value is unified with the N-th argument of Term. ?- arg(2,likes(mary,john),X).X = john Yes?- arg(2,likes(mary,X),john).X = john Yes?- arg(3,parents(john,george,X),Val).X = _G346Val = _G346 Yes?- arg(3,parents(john,george,victoria),Val).Val = victoria Yes?- arg(3,[1,2,3],Val).No?- arg(2,Y,X).ERROR: arg/3: Arguments are not sufficiently instantiated?- X=likes(mary,john),arg(2,X,Y).X = likes(mary, john)Y = john Yes
اسلاید 9: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates9An Example (Clocksin and Mellish)Tic-Tac-ToeA 3 X 3 board (9 squares on the board)crossnoughtboard(Sq1,Sq2,Sq3,Sq4, Sq5, Sq6, Sq7, Sq8, Sq9)board(o, Sq2, Sq3, Sq4, x, o, Sq7, Sq8, x)board([Sq1,Sq2,Sq3,Sq4,Sq5,Sq6,Sq7,Sq8,Sq9]).board([o,Sq2,Sq3,Sq4,x,o,Sq7,Sq8,x]).Representing the game board
اسلاید 10: Lecture 21 More Built-in Predicates10threatening([X,Y,Z], B, X):- empty(X,B), cross(Y,B), cross(Z,B).threatening([X,Y,Z], B, Y):- empty(Y,B), cross(X,B), cross(Z,B).threatening([X,Y,Z], B, Z):- empty(Z,B), cross(X,B), cross(Y,B).empty(Sq,Board):- arg(Sq, Board, Val), var(Val).cross(Sq,Board):- arg(Sq, Board, Val), nonvar(Val), Val= x.nought(Sq,Board):- arg(Sq, Board, Val), nonvar(Val), Val= o.forced_move(Board,Sq):- aline(Squares), threatening(Squares,Board,Sq), !.aline([1,2,3]).aline([4,5,6]).aline([7,8,9]).aline([1,4,7]).aline([2,5,8]). aline([3,6,9]).aline([1,5,9]).aline([3,5,7]).
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