Operating system chapter 4
اسلاید 1: 1Threads, SMP, and MicrokernelsChapter 4
اسلاید 2: 2ProcessResource ownership - process includes a virtual address space to hold the process imageScheduling/execution- follows an execution path that may be interleaved with other processesThese two characteristics are treated independently by the operating system
اسلاید 3: 3ProcessDispatching is referred to as a thread or lightweight processResource of ownership is referred to as a process or task
اسلاید 4: 4MultithreadingOperating system supports multiple threads of execution within a single processMS-DOS supports a single threadUNIX supports multiple user processes but only supports one thread per processWindows, Solaris, Linux, Mach, and OS/2 support multiple threads
اسلاید 5: 5
اسلاید 6: 6ProcessHave a virtual address space which holds the process imageProtected access to processors, other processes, files, and I/O resources
اسلاید 7: 7ThreadAn execution state (running, ready, etc.)Saved thread context when not runningHas an execution stackSome per-thread static storage for local variablesAccess to the memory and resources of its processall threads of a process share this
اسلاید 8: 8
اسلاید 9: 9Benefits of ThreadsTakes less time to create a new thread than a processLess time to terminate a thread than a processLess time to switch between two threads within the same processSince threads within the same process share memory and files, they can communicate with each other without invoking the kernel
اسلاید 10: 10Uses of Threads in a Single-User Multiprocessing SystemForeground to background workAsynchronous processingSpeed of executionModular program structure
اسلاید 11: 11ThreadsSuspending a process involves suspending all threads of the process since all threads share the same address spaceTermination of a process, terminates all threads within the process
اسلاید 12: 12Thread StatesStates associated with a change in thread stateSpawnSpawn another threadBlockUnblockFinishDeallocate register context and stacks
اسلاید 13: 13Remote Procedure Call Using Single Thread
اسلاید 14: 14Remote Procedure Call Using Threads
اسلاید 15: 15Multithreading
اسلاید 16: 16Adobe PageMaker
اسلاید 17: 17User-Level ThreadsAll thread management is done by the applicationThe kernel is not aware of the existence of threads
اسلاید 18: 18User-Level Threads
اسلاید 19: 19
اسلاید 20: 20Kernel-Level ThreadsWindows is an example of this approachKernel maintains context information for the process and the threadsScheduling is done on a thread basis
اسلاید 21: 21Kernel-Level Threads
اسلاید 22: 22VAX Running UNIX-Like Operating System
اسلاید 23: 23Combined ApproachesExample is SolarisThread creation done in the user spaceBulk of scheduling and synchronization of threads within application
اسلاید 24: 24Combined Approaches
اسلاید 25: 25Relationship Between Threads and Processes
اسلاید 26: 26Categories of Computer SystemsSingle Instruction Single Data (SISD) streamSingle processor executes a single instruction stream to operate on data stored in a single memorySingle Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) streamEach instruction is executed on a different set of data by the different processors
اسلاید 27: 27Categories of Computer SystemsMultiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) streamA sequence of data is transmitted to a set of processors, each of which executes a different instruction sequence. Never implementedMultiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD)A set of processors simultaneously execute different instruction sequences on different data sets
اسلاید 28: 28
اسلاید 29: 29Symmetric MultiprocessingKernel can execute on any processorTypically each processor does self-scheduling form the pool of available process or threads
اسلاید 30: 30
اسلاید 31: 31Multiprocessor Operating System Design ConsiderationsSimultaneous concurrent processes or threadsSchedulingSynchronizationMemory managementReliability and fault tolerance
اسلاید 32: 32MicrokernelsSmall operating system coreContains only essential core operating systems functionsMany services traditionally included in the operating system are now external subsystemsDevice driversFile systemsVirtual memory managerWindowing systemSecurity services
اسلاید 33: 33
اسلاید 34: 34Benefits of a Microkernel OrganizationUniform interface on request made by a processDon’t distinguish between kernel-level and user-level servicesAll services are provided by means of message passingExtensibilityAllows the addition of new servicesFlexibilityNew features addedExisting features can be subtracted
اسلاید 35: 35Benefits of a Microkernel OrganizationPortabilityChanges needed to port the system to a new processor is changed in the microkernel - not in the other servicesReliabilityModular designSmall microkernel can be rigorously tested
اسلاید 36: 36Benefits of Microkernel OrganizationDistributed system supportMessage are sent without knowing what the target machine isObject-oriented operating systemComponents are objects with clearly defined interfaces that can be interconnected to form software
اسلاید 37: 37Microkernel DesignLow-level memory managementMapping each virtual page to a physical page frame
اسلاید 38: 38Microkernel DesignInterprocess communicationI/O and interrupt management
اسلاید 39: 39Windows ProcessesImplemented as objectsAn executable process may contain one or more threadsBoth processes and thread objects have built-in synchronization capabilities
اسلاید 40: 40
اسلاید 41: 41Windows Process Object
اسلاید 42: 42Windows Thread Object
اسلاید 43: 43Windows 2000 Thread StatesReadyStandbyRunningWaitingTransitionTerminated
اسلاید 44: 44
اسلاید 45: 45SolarisProcess includes the user’s address space, stack, and process control blockUser-level threadsLightweight processes (LWP)Kernel threads
اسلاید 46: 46
اسلاید 47: 47
اسلاید 48: 48Solaris Lightweight Data StructureIdentifierPrioritySignal maskSaved values of user-level registersKernel stackResource usage and profiling dataPointer to the corresponding kernel threadPointer to the process structure
اسلاید 49: 49
اسلاید 50: 50Linux Task Data StructureStateScheduling informationIdentifiersInterprocess communicationLinksTimes and timersFile systemAddress spaceProcessor-specific context
اسلاید 51: 51Linux States of a ProcessRunningInterruptableUninterruptableStoppedZombie
اسلاید 52: 52
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