Renewable Energy
اسلاید 1: Renewable EnergyGarth RatcliffeDepartment of Environmental and Geographical sciencesManchester Metropolitan University
اسلاید 2: Specific QuestionsWhat are the current and projected UK energy (fuel + electricity) demands?How is the demand for electricity currently being generated? In the future?What contribution can renewable energy make to future fuel and electricity needs?
اسلاید 3: UK Energy Demands 2000Data from DTI Energy Statistics 2000
اسلاید 4: How are energy needs supplied? Source –DTI energy Statistics
اسلاید 5: Present Energy ResourcesFossil fuels - coal, oil, gas are all of limited amounts. Cant be replaced.Nuclear fuels -limited amounts of uranium for nuclear fission reactors but reprocessing of fuel possible.Difficult to estimate how long these fuels will last - but is it sustainable economically or environmentally?
اسلاید 6: How much energy is needed?DTI Energy Statistics for 2000308,332 GWh of electricity was distributed to 29.068 million consumers.i.e. on average, each consumer used 10, 607 kwh of electricity. In 2000, the total energy consumed in the domestic sector of the UK was 46,833 thousands tons of oil equivalent. Dividing this value by the number of consumers and converting to kwh gives the average amount of energy used per household as 18,737 kwh.
اسلاید 7: Sustainable situationRenewable energy resources are being replaced / generated at the same rate that they are being utilised.Hence they will last indefinitely.
اسلاید 8: Renewable EnergyWhat is renewable energy?What forms does it take?Why is it needed?Targets exist for renewable energy to generate 10% of electricity by 2010 and 20% by 2020!Can these be achieved?What forms of renewable energy will deliver these targets?
اسلاید 9: Electricity Generation by RenewablesSource – DTi Energy statistics 2000
اسلاید 10: Generating Capacity of Renewable Plants
اسلاید 11: The DTI List of Renewable ResourcesWind, Wave and Hydro PowerPhotovoltaics Active Solar HeatingMunicipal and General WastesLandfill Gas GeothermalAgricultural and Forestry WastesEnergy Crops Fuel Cells
اسلاید 12: OtherRenewablesNuclearCombined Cycle GasTurbineGasTurbineCoal
اسلاید 13: Forms of Renewable EnergyAll sources of energy ultimately come from the sun.This is particularly obvious in the case of renewable energies.
اسلاید 14: Renewable Energy Utilisation 2000Source – DTI Energy Statistics 2000
اسلاید 15: Solar Radiationsolar heating panels/passivesolar power generationsolar cells / photovoltaic cells
اسلاید 16: Solar cellsconvert light into a small electrical output -milliwatts output.need a bank/array of cells for useful output.cost of cells is high but reducing.efficiency of cells is up to 23%/ improving.
اسلاید 17: Solar Panelsare situated on roof of building.absorb heat in the form of radiation from sun.basically system is like a domestic central heating radiator painted black/insulated.provides “topping up” of domestic hot water.
اسلاید 18: Photovoltaics on Buildings PV arrays, generating around 54kW (peak) with a total area of 430m2, form the sloping glazed roofs of the atrium spaces in the four main buildings. Ove Arup has designed the system to match the annual electricity demand of the supply and extractor fans, effectively providing zero-energy ventilation systems.
اسلاید 19: Solar Roof tiles (Solar Grants now available)Integrated solar tiles installed by Solar Century on a current development in Milton Keynes by English partnership and Bloor homesRoof mounted solar panels (Solar century)Innovative SunSlates installation by Solar century for Liang Homes
اسلاید 20: Solar Power Generation located in desert/high intensity/long sunlight hoursparabolic mirrors reflect/focus sun’s rays onto metal water pipe located along focal axis of mirrors.High temperature produced - steam - electrical power generated
اسلاید 21: Wind Turbines
اسلاید 22: Location of UK Wind Clusters
اسلاید 23: WindpowerEach windturbine can produce between 1/4 and 2 MW of electrical power.Windfarm needs to be located where there is a relatively high average wind speed.Advantages?Disadvantages?
اسلاید 24: Calculation of number of households supplied by a windfarmAssume 24 windturbines each generating 0.25 MW for 70% of time.In a year this amounts to 3.66 x 107kwhr.If this figure is divided by average amount of electricity used by a consumer ie 10,607 kwhr in a year,Answer is 3600 consumers.But 166 of these wind farms = 1000Mw power station!
اسلاید 25: Offshore Wind Turbines
اسلاید 26: Offshore Wind Cluster FeaturesLarger average wind speed than onshoreEasier planning consent Technical expertise exists from oil rig experienceSuitable location
اسلاید 27: Offshore sites
اسلاید 28: Hydroelectric Currently largest source of electricity from renewables.Needs guaranteed supply of water.Galloway-West of Scotland - series of lochs and rivers-cascade of flowing water.Kinetic energy of water rotates turbines which generate electricity.
اسلاید 29: Tidal PowerLocated at some coastal sites - usually estuaries and bays with large tidal range.Shape of coastal site above and below sea level determines range eg Bay of Funday, Severn. At high tide reservoir of water is created which is allowed to ebb through turbines located in dam.Expensive construction.
اسلاید 30: Wave PowerLand Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer on Islay, West Coast of Scotland. Wavegen Co.LIMPET provides 500kW of electricity for the National GridThree floating wave power stations at Lewis/1 MW each
اسلاید 31: Biomasscycle of sunlight - photosynthesis - plant growth - absorption of CO2 - emission of O2.combustion of wood - heatsome plants - alcoholdecomposition - methane/landfill gas/fuel for heating.
اسلاید 32: ARBRE is the first commercial wood-burning plant of its type in Europe. It produces enough electricity for 33,000 people from clean and sustainable wood fuel sources.The plant has a 10MW electricity generating capacity and 8MW is exported to the local grid. The fuel for the plant is wood chips from forestry and short rotation coppice. Woodburning Electricity Generation
اسلاید 33: Short rotation coppice harvesting for ARBRE wood-fuelled power station. As trees grow they store energy from the sun in their biomass. At ARBRE’s power plant the energy stored in the biomass is converted to electricity.Coppice harvestingFirst Renewables Ltd
اسلاید 34: Straw Burning Power PlantElean Power station near Ely,Cambridgeshire generates 36MW of electricity and is the worlds largest such facility. It supplies 80,000 homes with electricity.Lorry leaving plant after delivering straw
اسلاید 35: Biomass Plant in FifePlant burns poultry litter and produces 10MW of electricity and fertiliserFluidised bed boiler ensures efficient burning and low emissions
اسلاید 36: Landfill GasLandfill gas, Dorset1MW generator at Buckden- Biogas Association
اسلاید 37: SCENARIO STUDIESSuggest that delivering 10% of electricity from renewables by 2010 at a cost of 3.5 p/kwh is feasibleRequires 3-4 GW new plantDominant technologies – 1) Waste (Municipal/industrial/agricultural)2) Remainder – landfill gas + hydro (small scale)3) Longer term - photovoltaics
اسلاید 38: ConclusionsMajor difficulties in attaining target of 10% of electricity generated by renewables by 2010Main contributors to this target will be :-Offshore and Onshore windfarms/clustersBiomass/wood, straw, etcPhotovoltaicBut policies like Climate Change Levy and the Renewables Obligation will help establish renewables.
اسلاید 39: Relevant Websiteswww.dti.gov.uk/industries_energy (for energy statistics, indicators, new and renewable energy) www.cabinet -office.gov.uk/innovation/2000/energy/energyscope.shtmlwww.offshorewindfarms.co.ukwww.britishwindenergy.co.uk www.bwea.comwww.energy-efficiency.gov.ukwww.guardian.co.uk/renewable
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