Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of the Caliphates
اسلاید 1: Islam: Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of the Caliphates 632-1500
اسلاید 2: Muslim Mosque in Mecca
اسلاید 3: Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in Mecca
اسلاید 4: D144Kaaba
اسلاید 5: HajjMuslims performing the Hajj (a pilgrimage to Mecca). The simple white garments symbolize the equality of believers.
اسلاید 6: Muslim Pilgrimage
اسلاید 7: Muslims in Mecca
اسلاید 8: Muslims at Prayer
اسلاید 9: Muslim obligations: Almsgiving
اسلاید 10: Jihad“Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial expansion. Among moderates, Jihad refers to “Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to Allah.
اسلاید 11: Emergence of ShiaClaim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true successors to MuhammadShia community recognizes the Imans, the successors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual AuthorityRecognizes Koran only, not Koran but Sunna (traditional teachings) as authoritative.
اسلاید 12: CaliphCaliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic rulers after the death of Muhammad.Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624) The first four caliphs expanded the kingdom still further.Caliphs have both religious & civil authority.
اسلاید 13: Eras of Islamic Civilization570-632: Muhammad-Founder632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in Mideast661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in Damascus) Expansion in N.Africa & Spain
اسلاید 14: Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at Baghdad1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & Fragmentation
اسلاید 15: D162Muslim Exp.Map
اسلاید 16: Branches of IslamMost Muslims would agree on the basic principles of Islam Many varieties in beliefs and practices exist. The main groups are:SunnisShiites
اسلاید 17: SunnisComprises 85% of MuslimsConsidered to be mainstream everywhere except in IranSources of religious and legal authority are the Qur’an and the hadith (traditions)Analogy and consensus are used to arrive at solutionsSunnis often able to adapt to different cultures without losing their own values or beliefs
اسلاید 18: HadithExpand the basic teachingsAnswer legal questionsClarify ritual duties
اسلاید 19: Shi’itesStarted as a political dispute over the leadership of IslamMuhammad died without naming an heir; some believed his cousin Ali should be his successor661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE, his son, Husayn, was killed in IraqAli and Husayn were the first martyrs of the Shi’ites (Shia Ali)
اسلاید 20: ImamsSpiritual leaders of Islam are the imamsImams are without sin and can interpret scripture without errorInnovation possible only through an imam’s approvalBelief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic figure who will lead the world into a time of peaceSunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power of Imams: for Sunni, the Imam is a prayer leader; for the Shi’a, the Imam is temporal leader—the True Caliph.
اسلاید 21: The Umayyad CaliphateFlourish from 661 to 750Centered in DamascusNearly took Constantinople (674-77) but were deterred by Greek FireCaptured Spain but were defeated by Charles Martel at Tours in 732.Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could be Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who accepted Muslims of all ethnicities
اسلاید 22:
اسلاید 23: The Abbasid CaliphateFlourished from 750 to 1258Centered in BaghdadGreat libraries, academies, and schools.Translated classical Greek scholarship into Arabic—preserving it for posterityAchievements in Medicine, astronomy, and MathematicsMuslim states in West break away from Abbasid control beginning in 756.Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to ruleGenghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in 1258
اسلاید 24:
اسلاید 25: Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)The Ottoman Empire would rival that of China in size and economic power.But over time the Ottoman Empire would be weakened until the twentieth century.Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire expanded into North Africa and Syria.
اسلاید 26: Growth of the Ottoman Empire For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded into the Balkans and to Persia.By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in Europe to the Persian Gulf. Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion was under their able leader Osman (1299-1326). Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was determined to spread the faith.
اسلاید 27: Why Did The Ottomans Succeed? Ottomans tolerated other faiths—didn’t fight wars of religious exclusivismMany in Old Byzantine Empire were weary of corruption in Byzantine state
اسلاید 28: Key Events of the Ottoman State 1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle of Kosovo.1396 – Crushed the Hungarians and foreign knights at Nicopolis.1402 – Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans near Ankara.1453 – Turks capture Constantinople by Mohammed II.1517 – Turks captured Cairo.1529 – First siege of Vienna.1683 – Second siege of Vienna.
اسلاید 29: 162MMap
اسلاید 30: Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsRhazes (d. 925): Medical expert of the Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics; Caesarian operations and more.Most famous treatise On Small Pox and Measles
اسلاید 31: Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsAvicenna (d. 1037): A Muslim scholar of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Medicine and PhilosophyHis Canon of Medicine was translated into Latin in the 12th century and by the 16th century was in its 35th edition.
اسلاید 32: Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsAveorres (d. 1198): Philosopher of the Abbasid Dynasty who tried to harmonize Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.
اسلاید 33: Distillation of AlcoholDeveloped about 800Al-kuhl means “the essense”
اسلاید 34: AstrolabeUsed for astronomy & for navigation. It is believed that the Muslim al-Fazari (d.777A.D.) was the first scientist in the MidEast to make an astrolabe, following the arrival of an Indian mission to Baghdad.
اسلاید 35: Muslim MedicineMuslim physicians were active in the advancement of surgical techniques, and were among the first to use narcotic and sedative drugs in operations.
اسلاید 36: Omar KhyyamOf the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of the Rubaiyat and the Book of 1001 Nights.“A Book of Verses underneath the Bough; A jug of wine, a loaf of bread—and thou beside me in the wilderness—Oh Wilderness were paradise enow!”
اسلاید 37: Harun Al Rashid (800s)An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and established friendly relations with Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Christian Kingdom in Europe at that time).
اسلاید 38: Cordoba, SpainFrom 756 - 1031, Cordoba was a political and cultural center for the Muslims.
اسلاید 39: Muslim Art & ArchitectureThe Muslim religion prohibited the picturing of human and natural forms.Muslim art was thus channeled into artistic displays of great geometric complexity and abstract ornamentation.
اسلاید 40: Muslim Art & ArchitectureThis Muslim mosque in Seville, was built in 1172.It was converted to a Chrisitan Cathedral in 1248.
اسلاید 41: Muslim architecture
اسلاید 42: F320Ottoman Map
اسلاید 43: So If Islam was so cool, what happened?Present Mindedness—who knows if we won’t all be dead or Muslim?Problem of Closed RevelationFailure to form effective statesWeak/decadent rulersFocus on moral reform and supernatural deliverance rather than structural/material reform—Wahabbism.
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