صفحه 1:
مر مس بر رت رمرم 2
the Odipkutes
988-62
صفحه 2:
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aaa a Ae ak aa مس یگ
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eae مرس
coy
ea nes الك
بق ی ره ری
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(ON raha
صفحه 8:
Dusters ut Prayer
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Nic}
VN eM acc aa eed aed Pc ee
Sey ye hr Ln EAS tea el Le ار ASS aA
ESN RSS cas cea ea eae Deca cel
ل ا ss aa ata
رد رت سم erat TCA UE
صفحه 11:
of Ghia مر
دا ۱ و سورع ۱ ۲ مولل 2
ما ۱
Neh arctan aac cas elcid horas oe ها
مب را ام و
تراک مر مرک Ve een
صفحه 12:
رگ
VON ا
SS a ANS ca DC ODS SSNS ASI
> @bu-Oukr is First Catpk (OOC-OCF#)
ا مر 2۱ ر
Purtker.
صفحه 13:
ا را
Veen elo lo el ON prrcracraes Cnr ce
ieee nee) Ca ea ا
یز(
كا ار( 265/۱۱ ۶
پر ما بر ارت مرگ ارس مر ٩
صفحه 14:
(OTe aed asi AOL pas case
eS ee) ca kasi ARC ach (hs an
٩۳ تس
۶ ٩۱۹۱2۱۹۹ رک را canes
۰۵ 0۵۵۵۰ :1 (0(-1055) <
تم زر 1۳2
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سب سم رس رم
وا وا مه عصرت جرب عولی() بوو() <
tea Ney رت 1
Len Pat aa ee ch aa pede Resa eed ah
4۱ رد ans aoe
۷ رام
bees
صفحه 17:
(CN
> Ovwprises OS% oF * Analogy and
رس( consensus are
رس مرگ used to arrive at
> مج ندر solutions
ae anes ° Sunnis often able
ne La بت ع to adapt to
Sea ascetic 58
ل ONT
ارس ها
VLC) يك اانا
i shy لك
صفحه 18:
در ماه
۱ Re cer eased
< سومان ritual duties:
صفحه 19:
زر
90 aoa he ام و cata oe aia hd
رس ما 4
es Pca Cassa ل ل ل رم( بر
can ACS ec NS ca ca ca ۱
> 661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE,
his son, Husayn, was killed in Iraq
® Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs
of the Shi’ites (Shia Ali)
صفحه 20:
۹
* عط عتته سماكآ 1ه كعلدع1 لمساستمك 15
> Imams are without sin and can
interpret scripture without error
! Innovation possible only through an
imam’s approval
! Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) -
messianic figure who will lead the
world into a time of peace
ا ل رت CNS CEE
۷ دم دی ا ی
رح و ل
صفحه 21:
The Owed Cubphute
۵ ۳7 960 سمل <
رک بر مس رگ
» Ovary took ل مر
Ne aah سم alae
حجان ربجا وت VO
9 0 اه اعنه()
< ای اه () را رو( ار عمط ع()
(ON sccm A Uc Ae) ا
ON sca Rc Se ceca
صفحه 22:
عزوم
Wane
EIGHTH
CHRISTIAN
CENTURY
ond Ialamic Century
صفحه 23:
The مر مت مس
(ean الل مد
Oe ae ih en
Geiss ace sae eee
preservieg it Por posterity
Ce و تا کیت ما
۱۹۱ ا ا ا CAsl acs)
ex ioscan lee
برس aca cas Ect رم ری
۹۱/5/2 ( ل Ue) castes ical ea ected Ce ce
Geaghis Khooe Groner topples Pbbastds tc IESO
۷
صفحه 24:
CHRISTIAN
CENTURY
Third Ielamic Century
صفحه 25:
Otewaa ۱) )1900-1909(
< The Ottoman Empire would rival that
of China in size and economic power.
> But over time the Ottoman Empire
would be weakened until the
۲۷۷ 6۳۱۲۱۵ ۰
Con (elite توت فزرر لیا ک ردیر حزیی زبز-ایر خلت وت
(1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire
expanded into North Africa and
Syria.
صفحه 26:
Growth of the Ottoman
Empire
> For nearly 300 years the Ottomans
expanded into the Balkans and to
tat
» By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary
in Europe to the Persian Gulf.
> Initial Ottoman conquest and
expansion was under their able
leader Osman (1299-1326).
> Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who
was determined to spread the faith.
صفحه 27:
Why Did The Ottomans
Succeed?
VO) ara Sol eh cia cae اط ال عونت واه
۱ و aed
وب عشوه<) عوجر لا و روت() خ
زر لب رک بر رم 7 ۱
صفحه 28:
Key Events of the Ottoman
۱ State
» 1389 - Defeat the Serbs at Battle
of Kosovo.
< 1396 - Crushed the Hungarians
and foreign knights at Nicopolis.
» 1402 - Tamerlane defeats the
folate wt tla LC Le
» 1453 - Turks capture
Constantinople by Mohammed II.
» 1517 - Turks captured Cairo.
* 1529 - First siege of Vienna.
>» 1683 - Second siege of Vienna.
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صفحه 30:
ee AO a OR aa A cr
Owilizaiogs
و (d. خام رت رم ۹۱ اكوك bed
Obbasid Opsasy who studied optics;
۱6 مر ات سر مر در
"4 نگ زاگ Gn eeatcicieh
Orustes
صفحه 31:
Wistoric Coutributiogs of the Istacic
(OT ra ce
۶ رت( رک 2 مت سر nese
ا ل ل easel
7 را ات راک ۱
ات دص سک کر مر رگ مرن ۶
را ار(
cas llicach لت مر زر 0
صفحه 32:
Wistoric Coutributiogs of the Istacic
(OT ra ce
2 aged (d. ad9e): (ON eee, epee es cd
ye ل ا acd
لك DOs pel UP) tears eles eae
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شرس در ٩
5 Orveloped ا COO
« و ۳ وحن ال(
صفحه 34:
تا و
مر
cas سس له و
(ROD) ل سا
سس مس
مه یس اس رز
دص ۱۳
۵ ۱ ۱ و
.لحار 3
صفحه 35:
جموببا ححه تع دروام صصناص (1) >
مد
ce مر و
تسا جما بومومه عمجمب له
تس مت ما
دص
۱
صفحه 36:
00
Oe ccc W) ycncics YA UcizA Ince snc CA
UA NU رک LOC
Dis
VAN ا Oar cA SN ea cA be nicd
CO Le ices مد AS
0 AUN Leica SCANS ELC AOL eta eee Ob
(Wise esieeee ا
صفحه 37:
0 2
0 ل nee Uo) ceca eae ROD) Pasneses Oa
سر ZAC AS تصش ا
Preadiy retaives wits Chadeavagae (rater
۱ کیک رپ \eiraerael
۱ ficve).
صفحه 38:
- ۵ ۳ 2
مر مس م9 ۹۱۷5
a) مت مر ۰
a مس
res ۹
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OTTOMAN EXPANSION,
1300 - 1566
5038 گت
i ca 1560 6 1
(ca. 1451
صفحه 43:
COTA le crac AU}
huppeved?
0 ned ner eek ee aot
#وناص (0) عرص عمصك عرد أن
رمک کر oP را Revelation,
< حص عرش مر و۱ بل
es ا
< ری لو ما وت من صمو۳)
Islam: Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of
the Caliphates
632-1500
Muslim Mosque in Mecca
Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in Mecca
D144Kaaba
Hajj
Muslims performing the
Hajj (a pilgrimage to
Mecca).
The simple white
garments symbolize the
equality of believers.
Muslim Pilgrimage
Muslims in Mecca
Muslims at Prayer
Muslim obligations: Almsgiving
Jihad
“Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Wars”
against the infidels or of Territorial expansion.
Among moderates, Jihad refers to “Defense”
of one’s faith; and or an “inner struggle” to rid
oneself of evil and submit to Allah.
Emergence of Shia
Claim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true
successors to Muhammad
Shia community recognizes the Imans, the
successors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual Authority
Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Sunna
(traditional teachings) as authoritative.
Caliph
Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic rulers
after the death of Muhammad.
Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624)
The first four caliphs expanded the kingdom still
further.
Caliphs have both religious & civil authority.
Eras of Islamic Civilization
570-632: Muhammad-Founder
632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in
Mideast
661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in
Damascus) Expansion in N.Africa & Spain
Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.
750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at
Baghdad
1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols
1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; &
Fragmentation
D162Muslim Exp.Map
Branches of Islam
Most Muslims would agree on the basic principles of
Islam
Many varieties in beliefs and practices exist. The main
groups are:
Sunnis
Shiites
Sunnis
Comprises 85% of
Muslims
Considered to be
mainstream everywhere
except in Iran
Sources of religious and
legal authority are the
Qur’an and the hadith
(traditions)
Analogy and
consensus are used
to arrive at solutions
Sunnis often able to
adapt to different
cultures without
losing their own
values or beliefs
Hadith
Expand the basic teachings
Answer legal questions
Clarify ritual duties
Shi’ites
Started as a political dispute over the
leadership of Islam
Muhammad died without naming an heir; some believed
his cousin Ali should be his successor
661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE,
his son, Husayn, was killed in Iraq
Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs
of the Shi’ites (Shia Ali)
Imams
Spiritual leaders of Islam are the imams
Imams are without sin and can
interpret scripture without error
Innovation possible only through an
imam’s approval
Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) messianic figure who will lead the
world into a time of peace
Sunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power of
Imams: for Sunni, the Imam is a prayer leader; for the
Shi’a, the Imam is temporal leader—the True Caliph.
The Umayyad Caliphate
Flourish from 661 to 750
Centered in Damascus
Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but
were deterred by Greek Fire
Captured Spain but were defeated by Charles
Martel at Tours in 732.
Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could be
Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who accepted
Muslims of all ethnicities
The Abbasid Caliphate
Flourished from 750 to 1258
Centered in Baghdad
Great libraries, academies, and schools.
Translated classical Greek scholarship into Arabic—
preserving it for posterity
Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and Mathematics
Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid control
beginning in 756.
Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer Abbasids
(1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to rule
Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in 1258
Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)
The Ottoman Empire would rival that of
China in size and economic power.
But over time the Ottoman Empire
would be weakened until the twentieth
century.
Yet under Suleiman the M agnificent
(1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire
expanded into North Africa and Syria.
Growth of the Ottoman
Empire
For nearly 300 years the Ottomans
expanded into the Balkans and to
Persia.
By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary
in Europe to the Persian Gulf.
Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion
was under their able leader Osman
(1299-1326).
Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who
was determined to spread the faith.
Why Did The Ottomans
Succeed?
Ottomans tolerated other faiths—didn’t fight
wars of religious exclusivism
Many in Old Byzantine Empire were
weary of corruption in Byzantine state
Key Events of the Ottoman
State
1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle
of Kosovo.
1396 – Crushed the H ungarians
and foreign knights at Nicopolis.
1402 – Tamerlane defeats the
Ottomans near Ankara.
1453 – Turks capture
Constantinople by M ohammed II.
1517 – Turks captured Cairo.
1529 – First siege of Vienna.
1683 – Second siege of Vienna.
162MMap
Historic Contributions of the Islamic
Civilizations
Rhazes (d. 925): Medical expert of the
Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics;
Caesarian operations and more.
Most famous treatise On Small Pox and
Measles
Historic Contributions of the Islamic
Civilizations
•
•
Avicenna (d. 1037): A Muslim scholar of
the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both
Medicine and Philosophy
His Canon of Medicine was translated into
Latin in the 12th century and by the 16th
century was in its 35th edition.
Historic Contributions of the Islamic
Civilizations
Aveorres (d. 1198): Philosopher of the
Abbasid Dynasty who tried to harmonize
Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.
Distillation of Alcohol
•
•
Developed about 800
Al-kuhl means “the essense”
Astrolabe
Used for astronomy & for
navigation.
It is believed that the Muslim
al-Fazari (d.777A.D.)
was the first scientist in the
MidEast to make an
astrolabe, following the arrival
of an Indian mission to
Baghdad.
Muslim Medicine
Muslim physicians were
active in the advancement
of surgical techniques,
and were among the first
to use narcotic and
sedative drugs in
operations.
Omar Khyyam
Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of
the Rubaiyat and the Book of 1001
Nights.
“A Book of Verses underneath the
Bough; A jug of wine, a loaf of bread—
and thou beside me in the wilderness—Oh
Wilderness were paradise enow!”
Harun Al Rashid (800s)
An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty
who exchanged gifts, and established
friendly relations with Charlemagne (ruler
of the greatest Christian Kingdom in
Europe at that time).
Cordoba, Spain
From 756 1031, Cordoba was
a political and cultural
center for the
Muslims.
Muslim Art & Architecture
The Muslim religion prohibited
the picturing of human and
natural forms.
Muslim art was thus
channeled into artistic displays
of great geometric complexity
and abstract ornamentation.
Muslim Art & Architecture
This Muslim mosque
in Seville, was built in
1172.
It was converted to a
Chrisitan Cathedral in
1248.
Muslim architecture
F320Ottoman Map
So If Islam was so cool, what
happened?
Present Mindedness—who knows if we won’t
all be dead or Muslim?
Problem of Closed Revelation
Failure to form effective states
Weak/decadent rulers
Focus on moral reform and supernatural
deliverance rather than structural/material reform
—Wahabbism.