Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technology in India
اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir
اسلاید 2: Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technologyin IndiaDr. P. Pushpangadan, DirectorNational Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001
اسلاید 3: Traditional MedicineThe tradition of health management/ treating ailments practiced by traditional communities or medicinal practices prevalent before the emergence of modern medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as Traditional MedicineTraditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in developing countries but still a living tradition in Third World Nations. The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an associated medicinal knowledge systems using the various medicinal plants of the region.
اسلاید 4: Traditional Medicine in IndiaThe Traditonal Medicine in India function through two streams:1. Folk stream: Comprising mostly the oral traditions practiced by the rural villagers. The carriers of these traditons are millions of housewives, thousands of traditional birth attendants, bone setters, village practitioners skilled in acupressure, eye treatments, treatment of snake bites, and traditional village physicians/herbal healers, the ‘vaidyas’ or the tribal physicians. These streams of inherited traditions are together known as ‘local health traditions’(LHT). LHT represent an autonomous, community –supported living tradition. It is still alive and runs parallel and the great service the LHT render to the primary health care needs of the indian rural mass often goes unnotied due to the dominance of the western medicine
اسلاید 5: Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)2. Classical stream –Organized systems(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and philosophical explanations expressed in several classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in the regional language) covering all branches of medicine and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.
اسلاید 6: Local Health Traditions (LHT) The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels:Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost every home, mostly by the mothers and grand mothers – to specialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in local languages, some of which are now been available in printed form. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations for treating a variety of human ailments.
اسلاید 7: Traditional CarrierSubjectsNos.Housewives and eldersHome remedies, Food and nutritionMillionsTraditional birth attendantsNormal deliveries7 lakhsHerbal healersCommon ailments3 lakhsBone-setters Visha Vaidhyas (Snake, Scorpion, Dog)OrthopedicsNatural poisons60,00060,000Specialists*Nethra*Skin*Respiratory*Dental*Arthritis*Mental Diseases*Liver*GIT*Wounds*Fistula Piles *1000 in each areaSource – Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India
اسلاید 8: 2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the change of life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a common dialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the “All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology” (AICRPE- 1992-1998; Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used by tribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements (Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny. Local Health Traditions (Contd.)
اسلاید 9: Indian System of MedicinesThe promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of the Indian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They adopted the fundamental doctrines of “Darshana” philosophy, particularly the ‘Nyaya’, ‘Sankhya’ and ‘Vaiseshika’, which encompassed all sciences – physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While ‘Darshana’ philosophers discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness of many such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages. It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.
اسلاید 10: Indian System of Medicines (Contd)RasayanaRasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda, which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the aging process. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular disease is greatly reduced.
اسلاید 11: PanchakarmaPanchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with the removal of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify the biological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease and preservation and promotion of health, as well as the management of psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenic conditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, a classical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana (emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema), Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation). Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
اسلاید 12: Indian System of Medicines (Contd)PizhichilIn this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica, osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases. Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute channels in the body of morbid substances.ShirobastiThis is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.
اسلاید 13: Indian System of Medicines (Contd)ShirodharaThis therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and hypertension.KsharasutraThis Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhi by using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern surgery is contra-indicated.
اسلاید 14: 1. Determine PRAKRUTI (Constitution) by -history taking -Observations .NIDANA (Diagnosis) Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts .Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on Tridoshas. .SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification.AHARA: Dietary modifications .PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body .AUSHADHI: Designer Medicine unique for the particular patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations. THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY
اسلاید 15: Some Ancient Treatise1. Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse2. Garuna Purana: treatment of horse and elephants3. Shalihotra Samhita: Treatment of diseases of horse4. Matasya Purana: mentions older treatise by Pakapya muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes5. Shyama Shastra: Middle ages. Treatment of birds, specially pigeonsVeterinary Physicians in Mahabharat Dronacharya specially trained Nakula and Sahdev in treatment of horsesNakula is said to have authored a treatise on horsesNala was an expert in treatment of horses and also called Ashwavid[Prachin Bharat Mein Vigyan aur Shilpa; S.N. Kapur, 1998] TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA
اسلاید 16: MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINESHospitals 3004 with 60666 bedsDispensaries23028Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India Medical education facilities in IndiaSystemColleges UndergraduatePost graduateAyurveda19855Unani395Siddha22Homeopathy16617Total40577Admission capacity16845821
اسلاید 17: MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)Number of Ayurveda colleges – Statewise No.Name of StateNo. of CollegeNo.Name of StateNo. of College1.Andhra Pradesh412.Karnataka472.Assam113.Kerala53.Bihar1214.Madhya Pradesh94.Chhattisgarh115.Maharashtra575.Delhi116.Orissa66.Goa117.Punjab117.Gujarat1018.Rajasthan48.Haryana519.Tamil Nadu49.Himachal Pradesh120.Uttaranchal310.Jammu-Kashmir121.Uttar Pradesh1211.Jharkhand122West Bengal 2 TOTAL198
اسلاید 18: Registered practitioners of ISM & Homeopathy in India MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)Ayurveda427504Unani42445Siddha16599Naturopathy429Homeopathy194147Total 681124Acts administered in the ISM Sector 1. Central Council of Medicine Act of 19732. Central Council of Homeopathy Act 19733. Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules there under4. Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act & Rules 1995-96.
اسلاید 19: Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India Central Council of Indian MedicineCentral Council of Homeopathy (for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners)Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through units setup in different parts of the countryCentral Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 unitsCentral Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 unitsCentral Council for Research in Homeopathy 52 unitsCentral Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy Research Councils under Central Government MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)
اسلاید 20: National Institutes set up by Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting research and to provide quality medical care National Institute of Ayurveda, JaipurNational Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment)National Institute of Homeopathy, CalcuttaNational Institute of Naturopathy, PuneMoraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New DelhiNational Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment)Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New DelhiPharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian MedicineGhaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad
اسلاید 21: The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health care needs of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety, efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for assessment of herbals address the following:PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINEPharmaceutical assessment (crude plant material, plant preparations, finished products, stability).Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based on experience).Assessment of efficacy and intended use (pharmacological activity, evidence required to support indication).Product information to consumers.Marketing
اسلاید 22: Tribal Medicine 8000 spp.Total number of flowering plants 17,500 spp. Folklore / LHT - 5000 spp. 54321Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of Medicine in IndiaModern Medicine 30 spp. Amchi 300 spp.Unani 700 spp.Siddha 800 spp. Ayurveda 900 spp.
اسلاید 23: CompoundPlant SpeciesAcetyl digoxinDigitalis lanataAjmalicineCatharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp.AjmmalineRauvolfia serpentinaAndrographolideAndrographis paniculataArtemissineArtemisia annuaAsiaticosideCentella asiaticaBerberineBerberis spp.CaffeineCamellia sinensisCaffeineCamellia sinensisCocaineErythroxylum cocoaCodeinePapaver spp.CodienePapaver somniferumColchicineColchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superbaCurcuminCurcuma longaDigitoxin, Digoxin, DigitoxigeninDigitalis spp.EmetineCephaelis ipecacuanhaEphedrineEphedra gerardianaErgometrine, Ergotamine, ErgotoxinClaviceps purpurea on Rye plantsGlycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acidGlycyrrhiza glabraHesperidinCitrus spp. Mentha spp.Examples of some important plant derived drugs Contd..
اسلاید 24: HyoscineDuboisia spp.HyoscyamineDatura spp, Hyscyamus spp.L-DopaMucuna pruriensMentholMentha spp.MorphinePapaver spp.PapainCarica papayaPodophyliotoxinPodophyllum emodiQuinine, QuinidineCinchona spp.Reserpine & DeserpidineRauvolfia serpentina,RutinEucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonicaScopolaminDatura sp.Sennosides A&BCassia angustifolia, C. acutifoliaSilymarinSilybum marianumStrychnineStrychnos nux-vomicaTaxolTaxus baccataThymolThymus vulgarisVinblastine, VincristineCatharanthus roseusXanthotoxinAmmi majus, Heracleum candicansChemical Intermediates CitralLemon grassDiosgeninDioscorea spp. Costus spp.Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol)Soya & Calabar BeansSolasodineSolanumHypercin, HyperforinHypericum perforatumExamples of some important plant derived drugs (Contd..)
اسلاید 25: Agarkar Research Institute. Pune A. K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh B. H. U. Varanasi (CCRAS Unit)B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research development Centre, Thalteji, Ahmedabad Capt. Srinivasmurthi Drug. Res. Instt. For Ayurveda, (CCRAS), Chennai CCRAS, New Delhi CCRUM, A. G. Colony, Hyderabad Central Instt. Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow College of Pharmacy, New Delhi Deptt. of Chemistry Univ. of Delhi Deptt. of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi Dr. Y. B. Tripathi, B.H.U. Varanasi Drug Standardisation Unit, Rishikul Ayurvedic College, Hardwar Drug Testing lab. Joginder Nagar, Mandi (H. P.) Drugs Standardisation Res. Project, Gujrat Ayurved University, Jamnagar Faculty of Pharmacy (CCRUM) Drug Standardisation Unit Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi Govt. Ayurvedic & Unani Pharmacy NandedIndian Instt., of Chemical Technology (CSIR), HyderabadIndustrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow Institute of Himalayan bio-resources technology, Palampur (H. P). Institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Punjab Univ., Chandigarh National Botanical Research Institute LucknowNational Instt. of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali Pharmacognosy Research Unit (CCRAS), University of Calcutta Pharmacognosy Research Unit JNMPG&H, Pune Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Aligarh Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine, Chennai Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), BhubaneshwarRegional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu Shri Ayurveda Mahavidalaya NagpurTropical Botanical Garden & Research Instt. Trivandrum National Institute of Ayurveda, JaipurInstitutions operating Central scheme for development of Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU drugs by ISM, Govt. of India
اسلاید 26: Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs List of plants allocated to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow Acorus calamus Linn. Albizia lebbeck Benth. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. Optis teetaAnogeissus latifolia Bedd Arnebia nobilis Reichb. Butea monospelma (Lamk.) Taub. (syn.B.frondosa Roxb.) Cinnamoum tamala Coscinium fenestratum Allium cepa(syn.Psychotria ipecacuanha Stokes ) Crataeva magna (Lour) DC. (syn. C.nurvala Buch.Ham) Curcuma amada Roxb. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoran (syn.E.littorale Blume.) Euphorbia prostrata Linn. Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. Ficus lacor Buch. -Ham. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.Hemldesmus indicus R.Br. Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Leucas cephalotes spreng. Mesua ferrea Linn. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. , Onosma bracteatum Wall. Operculina turpethum Linn.Pueraria tuberosa DC. Rubia cordifolia Linn.Streblus asper Lour. Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.Wedelia calendulacea Less.
اسلاید 27: List of plants allocated to National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali, PunjabDevelopment of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs Abutilon indicum (Linn. ) Sweet Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Berberis aristata DC. Bergenia ligulata Engl. Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Roxb. (syn. C.cristata Lim1.) Canscora decussata Schult. Catharanthus roseus G.Don. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker Cissus quadrangularis (Linn. ) Schr . Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schr. Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. Cyperus rotundus Lim1. Embelia ribes Burm.F. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Hibisus rosa-sinensis Linn.Hypericum perforatum Linn. lnula racemosa Hook. F . Lawsonia inermis Linn. Momordica charantia Linn. Nigella sativa Linn. Ocimum basilicum Linn. Ocimum grasissimum Linn. Piper longum Linn. Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiem. Potentilla sundaica Kuntze Sida acuta Burm. Sida rhombifolia Linn. Syrnplocos racemosa Roxb. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex hook f. & Thorns. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.Tylophora indica Burm.f. & Merill
اسلاید 28: List of plants allocated to Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute, ThiruvananthapuramDevelopment of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke Allium cepa Linn. Allium sativum Linn. Alstonia scholaris (Linn. ) R.Br.Argemone mexicana Linn. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (syn. A.integra auct. non Merrill, A.integrifolia Hook. non Linn.) Azadirachta indica Juss. Cichorium intybus Linn. Cinnamomum camphora Nees ex Eberm Cinnamomum tamala Nees Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. Desmodium gangeticum DC. Elettaria cardamomum Maton Gmelina arborea Linn. Hedychium spicatum Linn. Mallotus philippensis Muell.-Arg Melia azedarach Linn. Murraya koenigii Spreng. Musa paradisiaca L. Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristica malabarica Lam. Oroxylum indicum Vent. Premna integrifolia Linn. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f. Rhus parvif1ora Roxb. Santalum album Linn. Sesamum indicum Linn. (syn. S.orientale Linn.) Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) Skeels. Tecomella undulata (G.Don.) Seem Uraria picta Desv.
اسلاید 29: List of plants allocated to B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, AhmedabadDevelopment of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs Aristolochia indica Linn. Boswellia serrata Roxb. Calotropis gigantea (Linn. ) Dryand. Capparis decidua Edgew. Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Cassia fistula Linn. Cassia occidentalis Linn. Cinchona officinalis Linn.f. Cissampelos pareira Linn. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.syn.C.mukul Engl. Commiphora wightii Bhandari Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall. Leptadenia reticulata Linn. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Am. I Moringa oleifera Lam. (syn.M.pterygosperma Gaertn.) Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC (syn.M.prurita Hook.)Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn. Plantago ovata Forsk. Plumbago indica Linn.Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Punica granatum Linn.Randia dumetorum Lam. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f. Solanum indicum Linn. Solanum torvum Swartz. Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Am. Terminalia bellerica RoxbTerminalia chebula Retz..
اسلاید 30: List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, JammuDevelopment of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs Achillea millefolium Linn. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Aesculus hippocastanum Linn. Ammi majus Linn. , Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.Anethum sowa Kurz. Angelica archangelica Lilm. Angelica glauca Edgew. Apium graveolens Linn. Argyreia nervosa (Burm F .) Bojer svn.A. speciosa Sweet Artemisia annua Linn.Cannabis sativa Linn. Carum carvi (Linn.) DC. Coptis teeta Wall. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.Crocus sativus Linn.Cuminum cyminum Linn. Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Digitalis purpurea Linn. Ferula foetida RegelFerula jaeschkeana Vatke Fumaria parviflora Lam. Gloriosa superba Linn. Mentha arvensis Linn. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Saussurea lappa Spreng. Taxus baccata Linn.Valeriana Wallichi DC. Vetiveria zizanioides Linn. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
اسلاید 31: OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugsUse of GMP procedures and QC Certified shelf life and improved dosage formValidated indications and contraindicationsDeletion of obsolete or toxic formulations Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice Inclusion in essential list of drugsAdjunct to existing drugs Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active constituentsIPR protection wherever feasibleInclusion in Pharmacopoeias. New indications for Ayurvedic drugs Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice Utilizing leads from other countries Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use
اسلاید 32: AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION(Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta)A. Pharmacognostical Study1. Nama Name of the Drug2. Rupam Botanical features3. Desa jatam Habitat4. Ritu grhitam Season of collection5. Grhitam Species and part used6. Nihitam Way of storage and prevention
اسلاید 33: Sl.No.Bio-Geographic ZoneBiogeographic Provinces Estimated No. of Med. Plant spp.1.Trans-Himalayan -7002.The Himalayan2A- North-West Himalaya 1,700 2B- West Himalaya 2C- Central Himalaya 2D-East Himalaya3.Desert3A-Kutch 500 3B Thar4.Semi-Arid4A- Punjab 1000 4B-Gujarat-Rajwar5.Western Ghats5A-Malabar Coast 2000 5B-Western Ghats Mountains6.Deccan Peninsula6A-Deccan Plateau South 3000 6B- Central Plateau 6C-Eastern Plateau 6D- Chhota Nagpur 6E- Central High land7.Gangetic Plain7A- Upper Gangetic Plain 1000 7-B Lower Gangetic Plain8.North-East India8A-Brahmaputra Valley 2000 8B-Assam Hills9.Islands9 A - Andaman Islands 1000 9 B - Nicobar Islands 9 C - Lakshadweep Islands10.Coasts10-A West Coast 500Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India Source FRLHT, Bangalore
اسلاید 34: Aquilaria malaccensisButea monosperma var. luteaChloroxylon swieteniaCommiphora wightiiEuodia lunuankendaHydnocarpus macrocarpaMangifera indicaOchreinauclea missionisPinus gerardianaPterocarpus indicusPterocarpus santalinusSantalum albumSaraca asocaTabernaemontana gambleiTabernaemontana heyneanaTaxus wallichianaThe 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants
اسلاید 35: Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died.Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside the past range.Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10 sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals).Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated <5000 km2 of area of occupancy or 500 km2 in fragmented areas; estimated 2500 individuals or subpopulation of 250 mature individuals.Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild, in the medium term future. (50% decline in the last 20 years; estimated <20000 km2 of occupancy or <2000 km2 in fragmented population, estimated 10,000 individuals or subpopulation of 1000 mature individuals).Conservation Dependent (CD): A taxon is under taxon-specific or habitat specific conservation programme which directly affects the taxon in question. The cessation of this program would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories.Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.Low Risk (LR): A taxon is Low Risk when it has been evaluated and does not qualify for any of the categories, Critically Endangered, Endangered Vulnerable, Conservation Dependent or Data Deficient.Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria.Source: IUCN 1995, IUCN Red List Categories, Prepared by species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN RED LIST CRITERIAIUCN Red List criteria (1995) include the following:
اسلاید 36: Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs Species NameNo. of AccessionsAchillea spp.17Andrographis paniculata20Cassia spp.22Catharanthus roseus11Datura spp.26Digitalis spp.16Matricaria spp.11Mucuna spp.117Ocimum spp.187Papaver somniferum288Plantago spp.19Psoralea corylifolia50Salvia spp.11Species NameNo.of AccessionsSolanum spp.17Tagetes spp.56Trichosanthes spp.11Trigonella foenum-graecum37Withania somnifera19Aconitum balfourii1Costus speciosus1Eremostachys superba1Picrorhiza kurrooa1Rheum australe3Saussurea costus4Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants307Total1253
اسلاید 37: Sl. No.PlantsNo. of accession1.Aloe spp. (Aloe)532.Asparagus spp. (Satavari.)503.Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa)54.Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli)565.Commiphora wightii (Guggal)676.Ocimum spp. (Tulsi)417.Plantago ovata (Isabgol)128.Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla)129.Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo)3810.Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru)611.Withania somnifera (Aswagandha)11 Total351Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP
اسلاید 38: Sl. No.Variety/CultivarCrop(Plant species)Institute where developedParts used1.Jawahar IsabgolPlantago ovataJNKVV, JabalpurSeeds, husk2.Gujarat Isabgol-1 “ “GAU-RC, Mehsana “ “3.G.I.-2 “ “ “ “ “ “4.Niharika “ “CIMAP, Lucknow “ “5.SonaCassia angustifolia “ “Leaves, pods6.ALFT-2 “ “GAU, Anand “ “7.ShwetaPapaver somniferumCIMAP, LucknowLatex, seeds8.Shyama “ “ “ “ “ “9.Sampada “ “ “ “ “ “10.Sanchita “ “ “ “Straw “11.Shubhra “ “ “ “ “ “12.Sujata “ “ “ “Seeds13.Kirtiman “ “NDUAT, FaizabadLatex, seeds14.Trishna “ “NBPGR, New Delhi “ “15.Rajhans “ “RAU, Udaipur “ “16.NBRI-3 “ “NBRI, Lucknow “ “17.Jawahar Afim-16 “ “JNKVV, Mandsaur “ “18.Udaipur opium “ “RU, Udaipur “ “19.AelaHyoscyamus nigerCIMAP, Lucknow Biomass20.Aekla “ “ “ “ “21.IC-66 “ “NBPGR, New Delhi “22.NP-41H. muticusCIMAP, Lucknow “Contd…Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions
اسلاید 39: Sl. No.Variety/CultivarCrop (Plant species)Institute where developedParts used23.HMT-1 “ “ “ “ “24.HansaChysanthemum cinerariefolium “ “Flowers25.Jhelum “ “ “ “ “26.NirmalCatharanthus roseus “ “Roots, leaves27.Dhawal “ “ “ “ “ “28.AshaArtemisia annua “ “Biomass29.S-3Dioscorea floribunda “ “Rhizome30.S-2-58D. compositaNBPGR, New Delhi “31.FB (C) – ID. floribundaIIHR, Bangalore “32.Arka-Upkar “ “ “ “ “33.RS-1Rauvolfia serpentinaJNKVV, Indore “34.Jawahar AsgandhWithania somniferaJNKVV, MandsaurRoots35.Poshita “ “CIMAP, Lucknow “36.RRL (Purple)Datura metelRRL, JammuBiomass37.RRL (Green) “ “ “ “ “38.SL-831Asparagus officinalis “ “Spears39.RRL-20-2Solanum khasianum “ “Biomass berries40.RRL-SL-6 “ “ “ “ “41.GlaxoS. viarumGlaxo, IndiaBerries42.IIHR 2n-11 “ “IIHR, Bangalore “43.Arka-Sanjivani “ “ “ “ “44.Arka-Mahima “ “ “ “ “45.EC-113465S. lanciniatumYSPHU, Solan “Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions (Contd.)Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001)
اسلاید 40: Sl.No.CropVarietyDeveloped byYear of Release1Cassia angustifolia (Senna)Anand Late SelectionAnand19892 Digitalis lanata (Foxglove)D. 76Solan19913Glaucium flavum (Yellow Horned Poppy)H47-3Solan19914Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)Haryana Mulhatti-1Hisar19895Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian Henbane)HMI-80-1Indore -6Lepidium sativum (Cress) Anand19987Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy)Jawahar Opium 539Mandsur19978Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy)Jawahar Opium 540Mandsur19989Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy)Chetak AphimUdaipur199410Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy)TrisnaDelhi -11Piper longum (Long Pepper)ViswamTrichur199612Plantago ovata (Isabgol)Haryana Isabgol-5Hisar198913 Plantago ovata (Isabgol)Jawahar Isabgol-4Mandsur199614Solanum laciniatumNH 88-12Solan199115Withania somnifera (Aswagandha)Jawahar Asgand-20Mandsur198916 Withania somnifera (Aswagandha)Jawahar Asgand-134Mandsur1998Table 22. Improved Varieties of Medicinal Plants Developed by ICAR and SAU
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