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World medicine in the
9 middle ages (V - XVII
۳3 cent. A. D.)
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Lecture Plan
\=4+—introduction to the ———
Medieval Medicine.
2. The Byzantine Medicine.
3. Medicine in Arab
Caliphates.
4. Medicine in Medieval
Europe.
5. Renaissance Medicine.
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۳
MEDIEVAL MEDICINE TIMELINE
Early Middle Ages Later Middle Ages
ancient Renaissanc
e
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folk healers
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)
4 Medieval Medicine
4 first medical university
was founded in the tenth
century in Salerno, Italy
where Greek manuscripts
written by such physicians as
Hippocrates were studi
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mealeval Meqicine
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۷
5
Mecieval Medicine
Doctrine of Signatures
colour of flowers and other
properties of plants indicated
their usefulness in treating
particular diseases
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Devine Retribution
Due to this belief, many of the
sick took pilgrimages in the
hopes of recovering by making
peace with God.
0١ ۱۷/50۱12۷2۱ Meclicine
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Medieval Medicine.
~ This belief, however, did not stop the
monks, who were the most literate of
the general population, from applying
what they had learned by making
copies of the ancient medical texts.
Each monastery had an infirmary
where treatment was available with
herbal remedies, based on those
prescribed by Hippocrates and others,
made from plants cultivated in their
gardens.
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Medieval ۳۸6۵6۴6 سیر
7 there were: ۳
university trained physicians, all men,
who were based in towns and cities and
served the wealthy
folk healers, usually women, in the rural
areas
healers in the religious orders, who
incorporated both aspects of healing into
their practices
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Medieval Medical
Practitioners
Physicians were scholars
who studied at universities.
In order to be declared a
physician, a student had to
prove himself able to recite,
lecture and debate the
yontents of his studies.
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۱60۱6/2۵۱ '
Practitioners |;
Surgeons belonged to the working
class and did the jobs that were
considered beneath physicians,
such as bloodletting and pulling
teeth. Most surgeries were
performed by the barber/surgeon.
The most common operations were
for hernias, gallstones and cesarean
section.
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Surgical Amputation
National Library of Medicine
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Medieval Medical
Practitioners
During the early medieval centuries it was the
monks who copied out manuscripts of the _
works of Hipocrates and other Greek or Latin
medical writers. There is evidence that the
practiced the medical knowledge they obtained
as scribes. Each monastery had an infirmary
for its ailing and aged members. Medical aid
would also be provided to the poor, travelers
and pilgrims who visited. Some monks gained
such a reputation for being skilled healers that
they were sought out by lay 0 In some
cases the care of such outsiders gave rise to
hospitals apart from the monks' infirmaries.
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Medieval Medical
Practitioners
Dentatores were the dentists of the
medieval era and were so expensive
that usually only the very rich could
afford their services. They removed
decay, which was believed to be
caused by worms, and filled teeth with
ground bone. Gold was used for filling
cavities by the fifteenth century. They
repaired loose teeth with metal
bindings and made dentures from ox
and other animal bones.
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Medieval Medica!
Practitioners
Herbalists (Folk Healers). 3
Practitioners of popular healing varied
widely from place to place within
Europe. In some areas the healers were
mostly women; in other they were
predominantly men. In some places the
secrets of healing were passed only
from woman to woman or from men to
men, but in other regions the gender
alternated with each transmission. In
some places healers were thought to
possess inherited skills and if an attempt
was made to pass these skills to people
without these inherited gifts, they would
be ineffectual.
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Medieval Medical
Practitioners
Midwives were taught their duties by
other midwives or were introduced into
the craft by fathers or husbands who
7" ywere medical men. Midwives were
usually apprenticed to older more
experienced midwives. The only
requirement for becoming a candidate
. for midwifery was a statement from the
parish priest attesting to the applicant's
good character.
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Vs
Cy Byzantine Medicine
adh سس و (Prow-dons POD
CO t IPSS CO) werdiviae shows, but
fie origicatiy. Nhe work Kooded douse tz
us ure ul powpiaivas, but us they
وه راوس( excerpts Prow lost
Bs.
3
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۳
دا ۱۲۱۴۶
كت 2 jo edicine
into textbooks.
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c ود Byzantine Medicine
° 3 > a _
Prow the Ofeoca
نموه
محر ۱20
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Oribasius, perhaps the greatest
Byzantine compiler of medical
knowledge, frequently made
revisions noting where older
methods had been incorrect.
Another Byzantine treatise, that of
the thirteenth century Nicholas
Myrepsos, remained the principal
pharmaceutical code of the
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0+ وي دي يمسم
urquubly the Puct thot it wos the Pirst Expire
ia whick dedicated wedicd establishes -
Grate, whick porotel wodera Wospitals ict
woop way, Plourished.
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ge
رب
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ay Byzantine Medicine
3 _ De Picst hospital was built by Dusit oF
لان[ 2 und
dihough these Tustituicos Ploudsked, it wos
vay throughout the Otk aad 9 ومع
that they bec to appear ia Provievidl
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un و Medicine
ا -
Ovvtors thewselves were well
troived ued west lhely uttecded the
Ouversiy oP Coustactiunple uy
Ordiciae kod beoowe a troy
svbhvloy subject by the period oP
@pzective.
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he
9 Byzantine Medicine
4 ¥ تنب (
بت
Tre @Opacraticee
Oprepsos ول
reveivicg the Puteuts,
سس و Prow
9 و۲۲۳۲
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Byzantine Medicine
شيم
Ckretoaiiy uso played u hey
role it propuyeticgy the ded oP
روط wedicice wus wade
woessib to ol ocd... sip.
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Arabian Medicine ود
َِِ « ۵260-409۶ سس
priwipd wedicd work, The
The greatest contribution 0
Arabian medicine was in
chemistry and in the knowledge
and preparation of medicines.
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۳۷ 55 . pe
ام اليه Medicine
یس
J
7
Ot that period, ace iodeed thazughout
wost historical fitoes, suryery wos
vousidered inferior to wedivice, ood
suryevus were held ia low nesarcd.
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۰ Medicine in Medieval
4, 1 Europe 18
Ot about the suawe five that (Brobica
wediod school ia (urcpe was
potblshed ot Gderagiig euler
thy.
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Medicine in Medieval
Europe 2-5
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Medicine in Medieval
Europe
رصم |
Gurgeves vould treat Practunes ued
سول nepoir hercius, ced
perfor uvputtioes ond a Pew other
ا wondragore, or ulavhol to
deuded puis.
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experimental
investigation
invention of
printing press
dissection of
human body
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Leonardo da Vinci made
detailed drawings from
human bodies that he
dissected.
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Renaissance Medicine
As the understanding of the body
increased, so did the development
of new medicines. Building on
knowledge of herbs and minerals
taken from Arabic writings,
Renaissance pharmacists
experimented with new plants
brought from distant lands by
explorers like Christopher Columbus.
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a
S39 Renaissance Medicine
Vs
Hospitals and healthcare
The majority of people were
too poor to be treated by
trained doctors. Major cities
had hospitals. For example,
the Santa Maria Nuova in
Florence, treated wealthy
patients.
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3 Renaissance Medicine
Surgical instruments
remained basic. A surgeon would
perform operations with the most
basic set of instruments: a drill, a
saw, forceps and pliers for
removinggs
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‘These dental tools may not look so fancy, but they saved many a plo-
ueer an aching tooth,
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9 خر
Renaissance Medicine پچ
5-3
Surgeons belonged to the working
class and did the jobs that were
considered beneath physicians,
such as bloodletting and pulling
teeth. Most surgeries were
performed by the barber/surgeon.
The most common operations were
for hernias, gallstones and cesarean
section.
6
1
١
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۳۳7 TH
ul تا
Cuter Simion ypon theracke
1۳۳
“A teue desertion ofthe racking and ervell adeling of Cutbert Simson inthe Tower”
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Renaissance Medicine
\ “Andreas Vesalius wrote what is
considered to be one of the most
important books in the history of
medicine, The Fabric of the Human Body
(1543). It was a complete map of the
human body, complete with life like
illustrations. It showed many of Galen’s
ideas to be wrong, and soon Vesalius’ view
of anatomy (the study of the structure of
the body) became accepted by doctors
and surgeons.
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a Renaissance Medicine
Vesalius was so successful that he
became Professor of Surgery
(responsible for teaching anatomy) at
Padua University when he was just 23.
At this time, the Catholic Church said
that the works of Galen were inspired
-* by God. So, in the universities of
Europe, anatomy was taught by
professors who simply read aloud from
Galen’s books.
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Library of Congress
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Renaissance Medicine
In contrast, Vesalius gave lectures
in which he carried out dissections
in front of his students, explaining
his own theories and not relying on
those of Galen. Hundreds came to
watch each lecture. He also
encouraged his students to examine
the human body for themselves.
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Renaissance Medicine
\-In-1543, his masterpiece, The Fabric of
the Human Body, was published. It was
a very detailed study of anatomy,
illustrated throughout by some of the
most accomplished artists of the
Renaissance. It was based on
knowledge gained from human
dissections. It provided a complete mai
of the human body. It showed for the
first time how nerves are connected to
muscles, how bones are nourished, and
the complex structure of the brain.
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ی ی
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A BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
ANDREAS
» VESALIUS
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۳3
sy Renaissance Medicine
Ambroise Pare is a key
individual in the history of
medicine who has been called
the founder
of modern surgery as he
significantly changer “way
people thought abo’
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Ambroise Pare
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a Renaissance Medicine
Three main problems faced surgeons
at this time. They were pain,
infection and bleeding. These 3
factors caused many patients to die.
The musket (a form of gun) was
becoming the most widely used
weapon, but the method of treating the
wounds - cauterisation - caused a lot
of pain. Pare wanted to find a way to
overcome this problem.
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Renaissance Medicine
سل The ways of treating gunshot wounds
before Pare.
1) If the wound was not too serious, it
was filled with boiling oil to stop the
bleeding.
2) If the patient needed an
amputation, the area would be burnt
with a red hot iron, called a cautery
iron, to stop the bleeding.
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Renaissance Medicine
3 re’s method, although groundbreaking, still
۱ left-some problems to be solved inthe future.
* Even though Pare’s use of a digestive (ointment)
when treating wounds reduced the risk of
infection, many patients still died from infection
as effective antiseptics had not yet been
invented.
* Pare’s method of using silk thread to tie off
arteries could actually cause infection.
Instruments used during operations were not
often clean - there was no knowledge of germs -
therefore bacteria on those instruments (and the
silk thread) was often transferred to the wound
and sealed inside.
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Renaissance Medicine
William Harvey was very
+ interested in anatomy, particularly
the work of Vesalius. After leaving
university he worked as a doctor at
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London,
and then as a lecturer in anatomy
at the Royal College of Surgeons.
He was also physician to both
James | and Charles |.
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William Harvey
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tike Pare and Vesalius, Harvey believed in
the importance of careful observation,
dissection and experiments in order to
improve his knowledge of how the body
worked. In 1615 Harvey began to work on
athe idea that blood circulated around the
“body. Around this time, water pumps were
invented. This gave Harvey the idea that
perhaps the heart worked in the same way
as a water pump, and pumped blood
around the body.
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3 27 i
i
Pn WRIGHT <=
CIRCULATI ON * 2
Harvey's 4S 7111147 هد
Revolutionary Idea
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ey Renaissance Medicine
= i _
William Harvey observed how blood flowed
around the body. Drawings like this
demonstrate that veins have valves and
return blood to the heart.
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Renaissance Medicine
Harvey's theory met with opposition
because it suggested that if there
was a fixed amount of blood in the
body, then there was no need for
the practice of bloodletting.
Bloodletting was a very common
and well respected medical practice,
which had been used ever since
ancient times.
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1
J a ۳
Medical practices in the Renaissance
were not changed by Harvey’s work.
Blood letting still continued to be a
popular practice, and it was only in
the 1900's that doctors realised the
importance of checking a patient’s
blood flow by checking their pulse.
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Thank you for your
attention!