دانلود پاورپوینت فصل 1 تحقیق

Chapter 1 Introduction to research What is research? The American Heritage College Dictionary defined research as scholarly or scientific investigation or as verb to study something thoroughly. The basic and simplest form, research is away of finding out answers to questions. Different types of research Quantitative Research 1. starts with an experimental design. A hypotheses is followed by the quantification of data and numerical analysis is carried out. Qualitative Research Generally are not set up as experiments. Data cannot be easily quantified and analysis is interpretive rather than statistical quantitative research vs. qualitative research quantitative research 1.Involving controlled measurement 2. Objective and removed from the data. 3.Verification oriented, confirmatory 4.Outcome oriented 5. Reliable involving hard and replicable data 6.Generalizable 7. Assuming a stable reality qualitative research 1.Naturalistic and controlled observation 2.Subjective 3.Discovery oriented 4.Process oriented 5.Soft data 6.Ungeneralizable , single case studies 7.Assuming a dynamic reality 8.Close to data Different parts of a research report Title page Abstract Body Introduction Method Results Discussion / conclusion Notes Appendixes Title page includes three elements Name of author(s) Title of paper Contact information Abstract : is a summary of the topic of the paper and major finding of a research. Abstract are usually 100 – 150 words in length. Introduction :it provides the reader with background material and outline of the purpose of the research Literature review Historical overview Major players in research including questions, past findings and controversies General goal of the paper Research questions / hypotheses Method readers expect to be informed about all aspects of the study for two reasons 1.the later possibility of replication. 2.they need to know as much detail as possible about what was done. Methods have different parts Participants: information about the participants such as male /female, native language , age, proficiency level Materials: refers to what used to conduct the study . Procedures: includes logistical issues related to what was done. Analysis: it may be a separate section or may be included in the results section. Results : results are presented with verbal descriptions of data and often displayed in charts , figures or tables. Results usually provide objective description presented without interpretation Discussion / conclusion Discussion and conclusion are often two separate sections and are primarily interpretive and explanatory in the nature . The main idea of the study may be restated and the findings summarized. Notes : note is placed in footnotes at the bottom of the relevant page and sometimes as endnotes – a section in which all the notes are collected to gather at the end of the article. References :every thing cited in the paper appears in the reference list and all sources listed Appendixes: It include any information that is necessary for interpretation of the study. it may interrupt the flow of the paper if included in the body of the article . Identifying research questions one of the most difficult aspects of any research undertaking is identification of appropriate research questions. Questions should be interesting and they address current issues. They should be sufficiently narrow down to be answered . Feasibility : Feasibility depends on many factors such as 1.The breadth of the study in relation to its research question scope and answerability. 2.wether or not it will be possible to obtain the data necessary to answer the question. Research questions and hypotheses Research questions are the questions for which answers are being sought where as research hypotheses refers to what researcher expects the results the results of the investigations to be. they are based on observations or what the literature suggests the answer might be. Sometimes because of a lack of relevant literature hypotheses cannot be generate Replication: replication is a center part of the development of any field of inquire. if the results cannot be repeated , the validity of the results might be called into question. Two reasons for replication: verification and generalizabililty